Romania competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. Romania intended to send 104 competitors to Beijing, although the delegation was reduced to 102 when two Romanian athletes were suspended for doping before the start of the Olympics. The Romanian delegation for Beijing was the smallest Romanian Olympic delegation since the 1989 Revolution. Romanians competed in 16 sports: athletics, archery, handball, gymnastics, wrestling, swimming, diving, weightlifting, fencing, table tennis, shooting, tennis, judo, boxing, kayak-canoeing, and rowing.
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Romania sent archers to the Olympics for the second time (and first since 1980), seeking the nation's first Olympic medal in the sport. Alexandru Bodnar earned the country its first qualifying spot in the men's competition by placing 29th in the 2007 World Outdoor Target Championships.
The following athletes were selected for the Romanian team.
Romania qualified two boxers for the Olympic boxing tournament. Popescu qualified at the first European qualifying tournament. Gheorghe qualified at the second European continental qualifying tournament.
<small>Qualification Legend: QS = Qualify to semi-final; QF = Qualify directly to final</small>
<small><nowiki>*</nowiki> Only two gymnasts per country may advance to a final.</small>
Romania qualified the following boats:
<small>Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage</small>