RijÃÂl Almaÿ is a speech variety of questionable genetic affiliation spoken in the area in and around the village after which it is named, RijÃÂl Almaÿ. Amongst the features that make this speech variety so distinctive in the area where it is spoken is the seemingly preserved demonstrative pronominal paradigm from the Sayhadic languages and the presence of the a nasal definite article similar to the proposed modern Sayhadic languages Faifi and Razihi. The speech variety is seemingly gradually being phased out due to increased language convergence with neighboring varieties of Arabic, further complicating the situation regarding where this speech variety belongs within Semitic.
The speakers of RijÃÂl Almaÿ are a rather unique presence in Asir given their historical autonomy both on cultural and political terms, which resulted in a more complicated relationship between them and the Saudi state. Matters of tribal law and customs are handled by the tribal leaders themselves and not the Saudi authorities, leading some to describe it somewhat as a "tribal reservation". The speakers of RijÃÂl Almaÿ are seemingly mocked for their way of speech and thus this is fueling language change amongst younger speakers, amongst other factors. RijÃÂl Almaÿ historically remained economically and politically independent from neighboring areas, but upon the discovery of oil and modernization of Saudi Arabia remaining in RijÃÂl Almaÿ became a matter of lack of opportunities. The modern village of RijÃÂl Almaÿ is a popular tourist destination in Saudi Arabia and is a tentative UNESCO world heritage site.
The speech variety of RijÃÂl Almaÿ was first described as an Arabic variety although since then this classification has been called into question, with al-Jallad (2014:239) noting: <blockquote>"The RiçÃÂl Almaÿ dialect, for instance, has generated much excitement on account of its being the only âÂÂArabic dialectâ to preserve gender and number agreement in the relative pronoun. But consideringàour discussion, on what basis can one even call it an Arabic dialect? The âÂÂpreservedâ relative series is in fact a Sabaic isogloss, and other features point equally away from Arabic."</blockquote>Similar to Razihi and Faifi the speech variety of RijÃÂl Almaÿ has various lexical and grammatical elements that are not attested in the Sayhadic languages of antiquity but are known to be present in the Modern South Arabian languages of Oman and Yemen. The description of RijÃÂl Almaÿ as an Arabic dialect may indeed be a default assumption given the area where it is spoken, but its actual place within Semitic remains unclear although the descriptions would suggest a relationship with the Sayhadic languages. A suggestion by Jan Retsö may best explain the situation in RijÃÂl Almaÿ:<blockquote>"Apart from Mehri and its sisters there are probably "dialects" in Yemen whose "Arabness" could be disputed. The conclusion is thus that e.g. the kaà ¡kaà ¡a, k-perfects and other features in the south-western Arabic dialects are not borrowings. Instead, all other elements connecting them with other Arabic dialects are borrowings."</blockquote>
While a grammatical survey of RijÃÂl Almaÿ does exist, it remains unpublished and thus the majority of available information on the speech variety comes from two papers by the same author. The most well known feature of RijÃÂl Almaÿ is its pronominal canon, with the demonstrative and relative pronouns garnering the most attention given that they seem to be inherited not from Arabic but instead a Sayhadic language, presumably Late Sabaic.
The demonstrative pronouns of RijÃÂl Almaÿ are remarkable in that they are most similar to the forms found in Late Sabaic, with the pronoun [ma] being unique to RijÃÂl Almaÿ. Sabaic does not have a demonstrative or relative pronoun for the non-human plural. Razihi does something similar in that it distinguishes the feminine human and non-human plural from the masculine plural in relative and demonstrative pronouns.
Exceptionally, in relative clauses with a definite antecedent the number and gender of the relative pronoun must be in agreement while when there is an indefinite antecedent there is no relative pronoun at all, although the verb must be in agreement with the antecedent:
Unfortunately this pronominal paradigm is being replaced by the more common colloquial Arabic forms in both the demonstrative and relative pronouns, such as the forms [ðolaÃÂk] '<nowiki/>that<nowiki/>' and [ðoÃÂlih] this<nowiki/>' found in Behnstedt (2017). These borrowed forms are similar to those found in the Arabic dialect of Abha, which has a forms normative to both Arabic and those similar to Sayhadic languages.
Unlike other speech varieties in the area the nominal endings in RijÃÂl Almaÿ vary based upon whether they occur in pausal position, the gender of the noun, the definiteness, and the grammatical number. Notably this includes the indefinite marking known as tanwën in Arabic studies, otherwise known as nunation in Semitic linguistics. Much like in the speech varieties if the Jizan mountains and Northwestern Yemen RijÃÂl Almaÿ exhibits a distinction between pausal and non-pausal forms for indefinite marking:
This differs substantially from so-called "dialectal tanwën" in most Arabic dialects, and from that of the Faifi language where there is no recorded distinction made for feminine nouns and the indefinite marking has been generalized to /-in/ on all nouns regardless of gender or number. The Arabic varieties of al-Farsha and Bilad Bal-Qarn, and the speech variety of Bani Abadil, Yemen seem to also share this peculiarity in indefinite marking differing only in their lack of forms for feminine nouns.