Rhinogobius lanyuensis is a species of freshwater goby endemic to Taiwan and only found on Orchid Island (=Lanyu, the type locality) and Green Island, off the southeastern coast of Taiwan. Fishbase also lists it from "China".
Rhinogobius lanyuensis grows to . It has not been evaluated by IUCN but is classified as "near threatened" in the 2012 Redlist of Fresh Water Fishes of Taiwan.