Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn was a city and area in the ancient Near East which is still unlocated though it is known to have been on the Habur River, a tributary of the Euphrates in Syria. It was mostly given over to pasture with some agriculture near the city and parts of the lower valley, primarily in barley and sesame. In the Hana period of control it was named Qaá¹Âá¹Âunàand it has been suggested that in the Middle Assyria period it was called Qaá¹Âni and in the Neo-Assyrian period Qaá¹Ânu (also Qaá¹Âinê). A Neo-Assyrian governor Nergal-ÃÂreà ¡ c. 800 BC was in charge of "Dà «r-Katlimmu, KÃÂr-Aà ¡à ¡à «r-nÃÂá¹£ir-apli, Sirqu, the lands Laqê, ḪindÃÂnu, the city Anat, the land Suḫu (and) the city (Ana)-Aà ¡à ¡à «r-(utÃÂr)-aá¹£bat".
Initially, the area of Mari, including Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn, came under the control of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia ruled by Shamshi-Adad I of Ekallatum. Shamshi-Adad I assigned control of Mari to his second son Yasmah-Adad who placed Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn under a governor, Haqba-ahum. Little is known about the history or condition of Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn under Yasmah-Adad but the first representative of Zimri-Lim at the city reported that "I have to cope with a ruined palace".
After the collapse of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia Mari, including Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn, came under the control of the Lim dynasty of Suprum beginning with Yaggid-Lim. The Old Babylonian period kingdom of Mari was made up of several parts, the central district of Mari, Terqa and Saggarâtum, Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn, and possibly Tuttul. Known towns in Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn during the Mari period were Magrisâ (possibly Tell Tnenir), Jâbatum, Zilhân, Tehrân, Dûr-sâbim, Latihum, Bît-Kapân (possibly Tell Fiden), and Râhatum (possibly Tell Abu Ha'it) all like Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn on the left bank of the Habur and were connected by a road. It is thought that Tâbatum (Tell Taban) was part of the province in the north. On taking power, Zimri-Lim launched a program to expand agriculture at Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn. There were 100 acres under cultivation in Zimri-Lim 1 but by Zimri-Lim 10 that had expanded to 1000 acres. As the population in Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn was largely nomadic with a relatively small sedentary population after the first few years reserve troops were sent in to help with the harvest. In Zimri-Lim years 4 and 8 there was no harvest due to an invasion of locusts. Troops from Hana were part of the Mari military and are reported in a text as being deployed from Tâbatum to Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn.
A governor of Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn under Zimri-Lim is known, Zakira-Ḫammû. Other known governors were Akîn-urubam, Iddin-Annu, Akà ¡ak-magir, Iluà ¡u-naá¹£ir, and Zimri-Addu (Zikri-Addu). In one text Zakira-Ḫammû refuses to give up a beautiful servant woman to a representative of the ruler.
Zimri-Lim was known to make unannounced visits to his various palaces. In one text Zimri-Addu complains "I have heard from my own sources about my lord's travel to Qattnunâ. If my lord is coming here, a note from my lord should promptly reach me so that I can prepare in advance of my lord."
After a long and successful reign which included an alliance with Babylon the kingdom of Mari, minus Mari itself which had been destroyed, fell under the control of Babylon during its expansionist phase under Hammurabi whose 33rd year name included "... overthrew in battle the army of Mari and Malgium and caused Mari and its territory and the various cities of Subartu to dwell under his authority in friendship ...".
After the fall of Babylon c. 1600 BC Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn along with Saggarâtum, became part of the Kingdom of Ḫana, with Terqa usually considered to be its capitol. This continued until c. 1400 BC when Hana became a vassal of the Mitanni Empire. At that point the capital of Hana became Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn. After that there are no records of Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn though it has been suggested that it existed under other names.
Saggarâtum is known to have been on the Habur River, a tributary of the Euphrates river south of Tell Taban and north of the unlocated city of Saggarâtum. The site of Tall Fadáamë (Tell Fagdami), 50 kilometers south of Tell Taban, has been suggested for Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn as has the 10 hectare site of Tell Aà ¡amsâni which is about 5 kilometers from Tall Fadáamë.
Shamshi-Adad I of Ekallatum wrote to Yasmah-Adad about a planned visit to Mari from his capitol in Shubat-Enlil saying
It is known that Qaá¹Âá¹ÂunÃÂn was upstream of SaggarÃÂtum on the Habur river. On its southern border the unlocated town of Bët-KapÃÂn on the Habur a days march north of SaggarÃÂtum acted as a way station between the two provinces and appeared to be under joint control of the two governors. In a text the governor of SaggarÃÂtum complained, after a flood occurred: