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Pūl (coin)

Pūl (, ) was a historical currency that circulated in Russian Turkestan. Pūls were used in Golden Horde, Afghanistan, Bukhara, Chagatai Khanate, Kokand Khanate, Dzungar Khanate, and other Eurasian principalities, it was a copper coin of very small denomination, of an altyn. The mint of the khanate had a capacity to produce 1000 coins on a daily basis.

The exchange between copper, silver, and gold coinages as well as the purchasing power of Kokandi pūls often changed, Kokandi pūls generally weighed 1 mithqāl (4.55 g), in the 1850s 6 pūls were needed for 1 Miri, and 24 pūls for a silver coin. Silver coins minted by Mingbashi Musulmonqul were valued at 24–32 pūls, this the 1870s this fluctuated between 42 and 64 pūls with the highest exchange rate being at 100 pūls. Generally 3 Kokandi pūls were valued at 1 Russian silver kopek, and Kokandi pūls also circulated in the Khanate of Khiva, the Emirate of Bukhara, and the Chinese city of Kashgar.

Pūl coins of Tashkent

In 1784 Tashkent became independent from the Kazakh Khanate, this was briefly followed by the concurrent rule of 4 ḥākims (circuit justice administrators), the ḥākim Shaykhantaur took control from the others and proclaimed himself as the only ruler of Tashkent. As the title of ḥākim was elected this period in Tashkent's history is sometimes referred to as the “Republic of Tashkent”, during this era Tashkent issued its own copper pūl (or Fulūs), and silver tanga coins.

Pūl coins produced in Tashkent generally had 2 sizes with the lower denomination pūl being between in diameter, while those of higher value would be . The coins often contained the mint mark of Tashkent in Persian as “Coinage of Tashkent” (), and had a Persian blessing inscribed on them reading “May the future life be good” (). The obverse of Tashkent's pūls often would not bear any mint marks but various images like cats, birds, fish, or mythological creatures. These coins continued to be produced until Tashkent was annexed by the Khanate of Kokand in 1809.

See also

References

Literature

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  • Album, S. 1998. A Checklist of Islamic Coins, 2nd ed.
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  • Burnasheva, R. 1972. Monety Bukharskogo Khanstva pri Mangytakh: Epigrafika Vostoka, 21:69-80. 4 tables (Nasr Allah, Muzaffar, Ê¿Abd al-Ahad, and Ê¿Alim Khan).
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  • Fedorov, M. 2002. “Money circulation under the Janids and Manghits of Bukhara, and the Khans of Khoqand and Khiva.” Supplement to ONS Newsletter 171.
  • Kennedy, H., ed. 2002. An Historical Atlas of Islam. Brill.
  • Krause, C. L., and C. Mishler. 2002. Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1701–1800, 3rd ed.
  • Krause, C. L., and C. Mishler. 2004. Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1801–1900, 4th ed.
  • Krause, C. L., and C. Mishler. 2005. Standard Catalog of World Coins, 32nd ed.
  • Lane-Poole, S. 1882. The Coinage of Bukhara in the British Museum: The Mangit Dynasty, 74–85. (No AE coins listed).
  • Torrey, C. C. 1950. “Gold coins of Khokand and Bukhara.” Numismatic Notes and Monographs 117.