A private members' bill (PMB) in the Parliament of the United Kingdom is a type of public bill that can be introduced by either members of the House of Commons or House of Lords who are not ministers. Less parliamentary time is given to such bills and as a result only a minority of PMBs actually become law. Such bills can be used however to create publicity for a cause or issue and can affect legislation indirectly. Under section 14(8) of the Standing Orders, Priority is given in thirteen Fridays in each session, with the exact Fridays appointed by the House.
There are three methods by which a Member of Parliament can introduce a private members' bill: by ballot, by the Ten Minute Rule, and by presentation.
Under this method members who apply are drawn from a ballot and, if successful, are given parliamentary time for their bill. Members of Parliament who are successful in the ballot often have a higher chance of seeing their legislation passed, as greater parliamentary time is given to ballots than other methods of passing a PMB such as under the Ten Minute Rule. It is normal for the first seven ballot bills to get one day's debate each.
Members drawn in the ballot for 2024-2025 were:
The Ten Minute Rule is a method of introducing a PMB after a brief debate. A member speaks for up to ten minutes on a motion under Standing Order 23 to introduce a bill, followed potentially by an opposing member's ten minute speech. If the motion is passed, the bill is introduced and given a formal first reading; it is unlikely to make further progress because it will not be given priority on the parliamentary calendar. The Ten Minute Rule can be used to generate publicity for a particular issue. Often they are used merely as an opportunity to criticise legislation rather than pass a bill.
Under section 57 of the Standing Orders, any Member of Parliament may introduce a PMB if they have previously given an indication that they intend to do so. Members then formally introduce the bill but do not speak to support it. It is rare for a PMB to succeed by this method.
The second reading and subsequent readings of private members' bills take place on a sitting Friday. The sitting times for debate are 9.30am until 2.30pm; the debates for each bill must be concluded before 2.30pm in order to progress to the next stage of the bill passage. If the debate has not concluded before the time has run out, it will be moved to the bottom of the list of bills to be read and rescheduled for another time. For any sitting Friday there can be as many as 50 bills scheduled for debate on the order paper, however due to the short amount of time allotted to Friday sittings, Parliament has never progressed further than the fourth bill listed on the order of business for the day.
The current system of private members' bills has been criticised for being easily susceptible to filibustering. Kerry McCarthy, a Labour MP, has compared the system to the BBC radio game show Just a Minute but in reverse, stating that the more hesitation, deviation and repetition an MP makes the more likely they are to defeat a bill. As private members' bills are debated on Fridays, attendance in debates is often poor because many Members of Parliament will have returned to their constituencies.
The low number of private members' bills passed has resulted in calls for reform of the PMB system. The Hansard Society has produced reform proposals in a pamphlet called 'Enhancing the Role of Backbench MPs'. The pamphlet calls for greater resourcing of PMBs and changes to the times when private members' bills are debated.
The following acts of Parliament were private members' bills that successfully completed their passage through Parliament and became law.
The ballot took place on 5 September 2024. The names drawn, headed by Kim Leadbeater, MP for Batley and Spen, included 15 Labour members, four Liberal Democrats, and one Traditional Unionist Voice member.