Popocatépetl ( , , ; ) is an active stratovolcano located in the states of Puebla, Morelos, and Mexico in central Mexico. It lies in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. At it is the second highest peak in Mexico, after Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) at . Popocatépetl is ranked 89th by prominence.
It is linked to the twin volcano of Iztaccihuatl to the north by the high saddle known as the "Paso de Cortés". Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park, wherein the two volcanoes are located, is named after them.
Popocatépetl is southeast of Mexico City, from where it can be seen regularly, depending on atmospheric conditions. Until recently, the volcano was one of three tall peaks in Mexico to contain glaciers, the others being Iztaccihuatl and Pico de Orizaba. In the 1990s, the glaciers such as Glaciar Norte (North Glacier) greatly decreased in size, partly due to warmer temperatures but largely due to increased volcanic activity. By early 2001, Popocatépetl's glaciers were gone; ice remained on the volcano, but no longer displayed the characteristic features of glaciers such as crevasses.
Lava erupting from Popocatépetl has historically been predominantly andesitic, but it has also erupted large volumes of dacite. Magma produced in the current cycle of activity tends to be a mixture of the two with the andesites being rich in magnesium.
The name Popocatépetl comes from the Nahuatl words () "it smokes" and "mountain", meaning Smoking Mountain. The volcano is also referred to by Mexicans as El Popo affectionately, or to shorten the full name. The alternate nickname Don Goyo comes from the mountain's association in the lore of the region with San Gregorio, "Goyo" being a nickname-like short form of Gregorio. The name was extended by those who lived in Santiago Xalitzina, a small community from the volcano. Legend says that many years ago, a villager met an old man on the slopes of the mountain, who introduced himself as Gregorio Chino Popocatépetl. Gregorio was a personification of the spirit of the volcano, and communicates with the locals to warn them if an eruption is about to happen. Thus, every 12 March, the day of San Gregorio, the locals bring flowers and food to the volcano to celebrate the saint.
Main article: Popocatépetl and IztaccÃÂhuatl
In Tlaxcaltecan mythology, IztaccÃÂhuatl was a princess who fell in love with one of her father's warriors, Popocatépetl. The emperor sent Popocatépetl to war in Oaxaca, promising him IztaccÃÂhuatl as his wife when he returned (which IztaccÃÂhuatl's father presumed he would not). IztaccÃÂhuatl was falsely told that Popocatépetl had died in battle, and believing the news, she died of grief. When Popocatépetl returned to find his love dead, he took her body to a spot outside Tenochtitlan and knelt by her grave. The gods covered them with snow and changed them into mountains. IztaccÃÂhuatl's mountain is called "White Woman" (from Nahuatl iztÃÂc "white" and cihuÃÂtl "woman") because it resembles a woman lying on her back, and is often covered with snowâÂÂâÂÂâÂÂthe peak is sometimes nicknamed La Mujer Dormida, "The Sleeping Woman". Popocatépetl became an active volcano, raining fire on Earth in blind rage at the loss of his beloved.
In an alternate version of the story, Popocatepetl battled Xinantecatl (Nevado de Toluca) for Izta's hand by hurling fire, rocks, and ice. Popo triumphed by decapitating his opponent, which explains the rounded shape of Nevado's summit.
The stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano.
According to paleomagnetic studies, the volcano is about 730,000 years old. It is cone shaped with a diameter of at its base, with a peak elevation of . The crater is elliptical with an orientation northeast-southwest. The walls of the crater vary from in height. Popocatépetl is currently active after being dormant for about half of last century. Its activity increased in 1991 and smoke has been seen constantly emanating from the crater since 1993. The volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.
The geological history of Popocatépetl began with the formation of the ancestral volcano Nexpayantla. About 200,000 years ago, Nexpayantla collapsed in an eruption, leaving a caldera in which the next volcano, known as El Fraile, began to form. Another eruption about 50,000 years ago caused that to collapse, and Popocatépetl rose from that. Around 23,000 years ago, a lateral eruption (believed to be larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens) destroyed the volcano's ancient cone and created an avalanche that reached up to from the summit. The debris field from that is one of four around the volcano, and it is also the youngest.
Three Plinian eruptions are known to have taken place: 3,000 years ago (1195âÂÂ830 BC), 2,150 years ago (800âÂÂ215 BC), and 1,200 years ago (likely 823 AD). The latter two buried the nearby village of Tetimpa, preserving evidence of preclassical culture.
The first recorded European ascent of the volcano was made by an expedition led by Diego de Ordaz in 1519. The early-16th-century monasteries on the slopes of the mountain are a World Heritage Site.
Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and the most famous, having had more than 15 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519.
Herman Melville, in his 1849 novel Mardi and A Voyage Thither, describes a character's eyes "like panthers' caves at the base of Popocatepetl!"
In the poem Romance ("Chimborazo, Cotopaxi....Popocatapetl") by Walter J. Turner (1916), Cotopaxi is one of the romantic locations that have stolen the poet's heart.
Popocatépetl and IztaccÃÂhuatl feature prominently in Malcolm LowryâÂÂs 1947 novel Under the Volcano as well as the 1984 feature film of the same name an adaptation of the novel directed by John Huston.
In visual arts, Popocatépetl is the subject of Marsden HartleyâÂÂs 1932 painting Popocatepetl, Spirited Morning--Mexico, now at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C.
Several works by Dr. Atl feature Popocatépetl, among them his 1928 Self-Portrait with Popocatépetl, now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art and his 1942 The Shadow of Popo, now in the Museo Nacional de Arte in Mexico City.
Popocatépetl also features prominently in the Juan Manuel Martinez Caltenco mural on the upper floor Municipal Palace of Atlixco, Puebla. The murals cover much of the palaceâÂÂs interior and represent an important Poblano contribution to the Mexican muralism movement.
Jesús HelgueraâÂÂs 1940 masterpiece La Leyenda de los Volcanes in ChicagoâÂÂs National Museum of Mexican Art depicts the myth of Popocatépetl and IztaccÃÂhuatl.