The Pirot rebellion () () broke out in the town Pirot in Ottoman Bulgaria after the Orthodox Christian population in the area suffered oppression by the local Ottoman leader and Orthodox bishop. Refugees across the border in Serbia planned the rebellion and rose up together with villagers from the area during a scheduled meeting of the two sides agreed upon by the Serbian Prince Miloà ¡ ObrenoviÃÂ, the community protector, and the Vali of Rumelia. He had promised to help the rebels, but broke out his promise and remained loyal to the Ottoman Sultan. The Serbian prince suppressed the rebels and punished the fugitives.
In the aftermath of the Serbian Revolution (1804âÂÂ17), in which several commanders from the Pirot area participated in and during which also a part of the Pirot nahiya was liberated, and the Serbian rebel army engaged the Ottomans in the vicinity of Pirot, some locals saved themselves from zulum (cruelty, oppression, persecution) and fled to the newly established Principality of Serbia. From there, some organized into hajduk bands that crossed Knjaà ¾evac (formerly Gurgusovac) into Ottoman territory. Due to the Serbian Revolution and influence of the Principality of Serbia, the Ottomans viewed suspiciously of Pirot. During the Greek Revolution (1821âÂÂ29), the locals turned to Prince Miloà ¡ for aid and protection. There was a dispute between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire in 1831âÂÂ34 over border demarcation in the Stara Planina area; Prince Miloà ¡ tried hard to have the western part ceded to Serbia, which failed, as the new borders were set up and held officially until 1878. In January 1835, 16 villages in Lower Ponià ¡avlje rose up due to Ottoman zulum; the rebellion was suppressed with the mediation of Prince Miloà ¡. The zulum continued however and a large group of villagers therefore migrated to Serbia. Another rebellion broke out in March, in which 100 rebels died; the rebellion was suppressed, again with the mediation of Prince Miloà ¡ and his minister Avram PetronijeviÃÂ. Pirot was a larger town, inhabited by Orthodox Christians and Muslims, estimated to have had a population of 6âÂÂ8,000. It suffered greatly from plague in 1834, 1835 and 1836.
In 1836, the ayan (leader) in Pirot was Mahmud the Kapñcñbaà Âñ, while the Orthodox bishop was Hieronymos, a Greek. These two acted in concert, and and oppressed the population. Between 27 January and 10 April, 726 people fled to Serbia. Due to this, the community leader Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a FilipoviÃÂ, a wealthy and respected man, left Pirot for Knjaà ¾evac (since 1833 part of Serbia) with a large group of people when complaints to the Vali of Rumelia at Bitola bore no fruit. At this time, relations between Serbia and Pirot were intimate. Mahmud and Hieronymos sent 17 locals to the Vali who pictured the refugees as miserable and restless people, wanting to justify themselves, and on 5 March 1836 sent ÃÂorÃÂe Kokal and Alija, a Turk, to Knjaà ¾evac to try to persuade the refugees to return home. The refugees at Knjaà ¾evac answered that none of them would return as long as those two leaders were present in Pirot. Distributed over the area of Knjaà ¾evac and neighbouring villages, the refugees began arming themselves and readying for a rebellion in the Pirot area. The situation became serious, as seen in the Vali of Rumelia sending a mühürdar (an Ottoman official, "seal-keeper") to Pirot, while Prince Miloà ¡ Obrenoviàsent his minister Avram Petronijeviàand the commander of the Danube-Timok army Stevan Stojanoviàto Knjaà ¾evac, where these two met with the mühürdar on 6 May 1836. The mühürdar had been assured of the oppression by Mahmud and Hieronymos already in Pirot, and promised in Knjaà ¾evac that the population will not suffer again, and proposed that the refugees return home with Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a, whom the kocabaà Âñ title, signifying the rayah chief, would be given and as such Mahmud could not do without him. Prince Miloà ¡ messaged Petronijeviàon 7 May, asking him to collect all refugees from Pirot and talk them into returning home, and that he together with Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a safely bring them back to Pirot. Furthermore, Prince Miloà ¡ demanded that bishop Hieronymos and Hadji Hasan Efendi, whom ayan Mahmud blamed for everything, be banished (sürgün, exile from the region). Petronijeviàmanaged to return the larger part of the refugees back to Pirot, and informed Prince Miloà ¡ of this on 11 May. Prince Miloà ¡ sent Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a to Pirot but stressed that if he did not feel safe, he must return to Serbia. Petronijeviàwrote from Pirot on 21 May that Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a had been well-received by ayan Mahmud and the mühürdar, and that Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a had called on some people from over the nahiya to come to Pirot in two days to discuss how to bring order and reduce poverty. Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a had called 15âÂÂ20 people from each srez (rural municipality), but the plot unraveled, and 8,000 men armed with rifles and tools rallied at Pirot on 24 May; the priests had visited all villages and raised people.
The Turks were alarmed, and armed conflict broke out on the streets, during which Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a was caught in the midst of a large group of villagers who had a shootout with the Turks. In the mediation between Petronijeviàand the mühürdar, the Turks retreated to the Pirot Fortress. The villagers did not want to scatter and remained around the town in large groups, numbering 500âÂÂ1,000 each. Among these were people from the regions of Visok, Nià ¡ava and Luà ¾nica. Those from Visok were most active. Between 25 and 28 May Petronijeviàtried to calm down the villagers, but to no avail, stating that "they want that no Turk remain, and that if the Turks do not leave voluntarily, they will attack the town. They say that they only wait for You to send cannons and aid, as promised to them". At the beginning of the turmoil, Prince Miloà ¡ made the Porte immediately replace ayan Mahmud, and they appointed Nektarios from Lemnos the new bishop.
Ottoman troops were sent from Sofia and Leskovac. Prince Miloà ¡ recommended that Petronijeviàwork on calming down the rebellion and have the Albanian crew at Pirot replaced by nñzamñ (a westernized military corps), "Imperial people". The seriousness of the rebellion, that it threatened to "light up Turkey", is seen from Prince Miloà ¡'s letter of 31 May: "...We say this because that Pirot turmoil is very dangerous, because all of Bosnia is again in motion, and the fire has spread even to [Novi] Pazar... God forbid that it erupts from Pirot, it may combine with the Bosnian [rebellion] and Albanian [rebellion] from Pazar, and it would be a great evil, which we do not know who would [manage to] silence." On the Sunday of 29 May, in the afternoon, many villagers came to the town market, which frightened the local Turks who then took up arms. The bazaar was shut down and the Turks went towards the Tijabar neighbourhood, but the Ottoman army from Sofia kept them at the town bridge and refused them to continue. At the beginning of June, "peace and order" was restored. A number of priests were killed by the Turks during the rebellion.
The population were satisfied with the new ayan, the powerful Hadji Mehmed Bey Serezli. On 27 June, in the name of citizens of Pirot, Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a, Hadà ¾i-ÃÂira Neà ¡oviÃÂ, Viden JovanoviÃÂ, Cvetko TeodoroviÃÂ, ÃÂorÃÂe CenoviÃÂ, Mika KrstoviÃÂ, Stamen Caribrodski, Panajot Pop-JoviÃÂ, ÃÂorÃÂe JeleniÃÂ, à ½ivko StefanoviÃÂ, ÃÂira Mladà ¾iàand Hadà ¾i-Pavle with a warm letter thanked Prince Miloà ¡ on his commitment to Pirot affairs and prayed that he would not forget them. The letter was stamped with the Pirot municipality seal, a white double-headed eagle. Prince Miloà ¡ replied on 2 July.
In August, another rebellion broke out in the Pirot area. A large group of villagers met up at the Temska monastery on 2 August, and in the evening went toward Pirot crossing the Gradaà ¡nica river. Petronijeviàwas again sent to "calm down the rayah", and managed to have the ringleader, a Cvetko, imprisoned and persuaded the villagers to stop. Cvetko was executed on 9 August at Prince Miloà ¡'s command and put on a wheel at the OttomanâÂÂSerbian border. It seems that Prince Miloà ¡ sought to challenge rebellion as to receive mandate from the Sultan to calm down the rebellious rayah and gain authority upon them, and towards the Porte tried to show himself as a loyal vassal as to remove any possible insinuations.
The leaders of the rebellions in Pirot were village priests.
The Pirot municipality and district continued cordial relations and connections with Serbia and Prince Miloà ¡. Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a came into conflict with the new bishop Nektarios due to defending folk interest, and was therefore exiled from Pirot to Anatolia in the summer by the Ottoman government, but after Prince Miloà ¡'s intervention in September 1836 Hadà ¾i-Neà ¡a was ordered to live in Sofia (where he also died). In February 1840, Prince Mihailo Obrenoviàand his mother Ljubica visited Pirot on their return from Constantinople. Prince Mihailo gave refuge to hajduks from Pirot who wintered in Serbia and plundered in the Pirot area during the summers.
On 6 April 1841, a rebellion broke out around Nià ¡, Pirot, Leskovac and Prokuplje, due to Turk zulum. It was suppressed by 10,000 Ottoman soldiers at the beginning of the summer. Pirot was liberated in the SerbianâÂÂOttoman Wars (1876âÂÂ1878) and ceded to Serbia according to the Congress of Berlin (1878).
The government of the Principality of Serbia was highly engaged in minimizing the Ottomans disapproval of the Pirot inhabitants for their large emigration to Serbia and the rebellion itself. Thanks to Prince Miloà ¡'s relations in the Porte and his influence on some of its officials, the Pirot inhabitants were saved from heavy repression. Serbian intervention led to Pirot's appointment of a local kocabaà Âñ, amnesty, and notable improvement of tax liability and overall SerbianâÂÂOttoman affairs.