Pirates of the South China Coast () were Chinese pirates who were active in the north-western coasts of the South China Sea from the late 18th century to the 19th century, mainly during a 20-year period from 1790 to 1810. After 1805, the pirates of the South China Coast entered their most powerful period. Many pirates were fully trained by the Tây Sán dynasty of Vietnam.
Since the late 18th century, with the increase of the population, land annexation was becoming serious day by day. Many farmers lost their land, they became brigands or pirates. Giang Bình (present-day in Dongxing, Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China) was known as a pirate hotbed at that time.
In early times, most of Chinese pirates were fishermen. They came to Giang Bình by boats to do business, though the private maritime trade was restricted by Chinese government. Giang Bình located near ChinaâÂÂVietnam border; it belonged to Vietnam since Lý dynasty, later, it was ceded to China after the end of the Sino-French War. Giang Bình was a melting pot of Vietnamese and Chinese, it was a strategically located; however, this area was neglected by Vietnamese government.
Tây Sán Rebellion broke out in Southern Vietnam in 1771. The rebellion soon swept Nguyá» n lords and Trá»Ânh lords out of power. Many Chinese pirates were hired and joined the civil war. TáºÂp ÃÂình and Lý Tài became generals of Tây Sán army. He Xiwen (HàHá» VÃÂn) became a general of Nguyá» n ÃÂnh.
Nguyá» n Huá»Â, one of Tây Sán leaders, crowned the Quang Trung Emperor, and defeated the invading Chinese army in 1789. After the battle, Huá» reconciled with China, however, he waited for an opportunity to take revenge on China. He provided money to Chinese pirates. Three prominent pirates, Chen Tianbao, Mo Guanfu and Zheng Qi, were ordered to hire more pirates. Since 1790, the number of Chinese pirates grew rapidly. Most of them pledged loyalty to Tây Sán dynasty, and were fully trained. Many pirates were granted official positions. They were able to block sea routes, and harassed the coastlines of South China (Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu) frequently. Later, they also took part in all important naval battle against Nguyá» n ÃÂnh.
In 1801, Nguyá» n navy reached Phú Xuân, a naval battle broke out in Ná»Ân estuary (present-day ThuáºÂn An estuary). Many Chinese pirates were hired by Tây Sán to fight against Nguyá» n lord. Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau described that it was the fiercest battle in the history of Cochinchina. The battle ended with a near annihilation of both Tây Sán navy and Chinese pirates. Three important pirates, Mo Guanfu, Liang Wengeng and Fan Wencai, were captured by Nguyá» n lord. Emperor Cảnh Thá»Ânh fled to ThÃÂng Long (present-day Hanoi), in there, he planned a counter-attack. Most of pirates did not supported Tây Sán dynasty, they fled back to China secretly. Chen Tianbao fled to Guangdong and surrendered to China. Zheng Qi still pledged loyalty to Emperor Cảnh Thá»Ânh. In 1802, he arrived at ThÃÂng Long. He was appointed as ÃÂại Tð Mã ("Grand Marshal") by Cảnh Thá»Ânh. Zheng Qi get involved in the siege of ÃÂá»Âng Há»Âi, but his fleet was defeated in the mouth of NháºÂt Lá» River.
Tây Sán dynasty was overthrown by NguyỠn dynasty. Unlike Tây Sán emperors, the new crowned Gia Long started to suppress the pirates. In September 1802, NguyỠn army destroyed the pirates' lair in Giang Bình, captured Zheng Qi and had him executed.
After this incident, Chinese pirates had to flee to Guangdong. To compete for turf, they attacked each other. Finally, they found it would just destroy themselves. In 1805, seven pirate leaders made an agreement, a pirate alliance was founded. Seven leaders were: Zheng Yi (Red Flag Fleet), Guo Podai (Black Flag Fleet), Liang Bao (White Flag Fleet), Jin Guyang (Green Flag Fleet), Wu Shi'er (Blue Flag Fleet), Wu Zhiqing (Yellow Flag Fleet) and Zheng Laotong. Not long after, Zheng Laotong surrendered to Chinese government, actually there were six fleets in the alliance. The Red Flag Fleet led by Zheng Yi was the strongest of the fleets in the alliance, and he was selected the leader of the alliance. Ladrones Islands (present-day Wanshan Archipelago), Hong Kong and Leizhou Peninsula became pirate hotbeds.
Zheng Yi died suddenly in Vietnam on 16 November 1807. His widow Ching Shih, became new leaders of Red Flag Fleet. Later, Ching Shih married with adoptive son Cheung Po Tsai, Cheung succeeded the leaders and leader of the alliance. It made Guo Podai resentful.
Now Red Flag Fleet had 30,000 men and several hundred vessels, it became a big threat to Qing China and Portuguese Macau. In September 1809, Cheung was attacked by Portuguese Navy in the Tiger's Mouth. In November, Cheung was besieged by Chinese-Portuguese Navy in Chek Lap Kok. Cheung asked for Guo Podai's help, however, Guo refused. In a day of fog, Cheung fled from the battlefield. He was furious at Guo and vowed revenge on him. A navy battle between Red Flag Fleet and Chinese navy broke out in December, in the battle, Cheung was ambushed by Guo's Black Flag Fleet, and defeated. Several vessels of Cheung were captured by Guo. After the battle, Guo surrendered to Chinese government, Guo became an official of Chinese navy.
Hearing the news, Cheung refused to surrender. However, more and more pirates surrendered. In January 1810, Cheung was persuaded to surrender. He delivered his fleet and weapons on 20 April. Cheung became a Chinese naval officer. On 24 May, Chinese-Vietnamese navy were dispatched to suppress the remnants of pirates. Cheung and Guo took part in the battle. The main part of pirate fleet was destroyed in the battle. It marked the end of Chinese pirates' era.
On 26 June, 1857, Chinese pirates defeated the Portuguese in the Ningpo massacre.
Vincent Bernstein, The pirate queen Zheng Yi Sao: https://hiddenhistory.renecol.org/en/zheng-yi-sao-die-piratenkoenigin/, October 19, 2025, Updated: November 20, 2025