Tuamotuan, PaâÂÂumotu or Paumotu (Tuamotuan: ' or ') is a Polynesian language spoken by 4,000 people in the Tuamotu archipelago, with an additional 2,000 speakers in Tahiti.
The PaâÂÂumotu people today refer to their islands as Tuamotu while referring to themselves and their language as PaâÂÂumotu (or Paumotu). PaâÂÂumotu is one of six Polynesian languages spoken in French Polynesia, the other five languages being Tahitian, Marquesan, Mangarevan, Rapa, and Austral.
The PaâÂÂumotu alphabet is based on the Latin script.
The language was particularly studied by anthropologist (1893âÂÂ1958), and by linguist (1943âÂÂ2014).
Little is known regarding the early history of the Tuamotus. It is believed that they were settled by people from the Society Islands. Europeans first arrived in the islands in 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan reached them while sailing across the Pacific Ocean. Subsequent explorers visited the islands over the centuries, including Thor Heyerdahl, the famous Norwegian ethnographer who sailed the Kon-Tiki expedition across the Pacific in 1947.
The effects of early European visits were marginal as they had no political effects. The language, however, was ultimately affected by the Tahitian language, which was itself affected by European expansion. The eventual arrival of European missionaries in the 19th century also led to loanwords, including the creation of new vocabulary terms for the PaâÂÂumotu new-found faith, and the translation of the Bible into PaâÂÂumotu.
The original religion of the Tuamotus involved the worship of a higher being, Kiho-Tumu or Kiho. Religious chants have been preserved and translated that describe the attributes of Kiho and how he created the world.
In more recent times, the Tuamotus were the site of French nuclear testing on the atolls of Moruroa and Fangataufa.
Paumotu is a member of the Polynesian group of Oceanic languages, itself a subgroup of the Austronesian family.
Some foreign influence is present.
PaâÂÂumotu is spoken among the atolls of the Tuamotu Archipelago, which amount to over 60 small islands. Many of the former inhabitants have moved to Tahiti, causing the language to dwindle.
In the 1970s, there were a number of PaâÂÂumotu living in Laie, O'ahu, Hawai'i, as well as other locations on the island of O'ahu. Some were reported to live in California and Florida. There were also a number of people living in New Zealand who were reportedly PaâÂÂumotu, although they came from Tahiti.
PaâÂÂumotu has seven dialects or linguistic areas: covering Parata, Vahitu, Maraga, Fagatau, Tapuhoe, Napuka and Mihiro. The native PaâÂÂumotu people are somewhat nomadic, shifting from one atoll to another and thereby creating a wide variety of dialects. The natives refer to this nomadic tendency as , from the root words (meaning 'to wander around'), (meaning 'to go') and (meaning 'non-restriction').
PaâÂÂumotu is very similar to Tahitian, and a considerable amount of Tahitianization has affected PaâÂÂumotu. Primarily due to the political and economical dominance of Tahiti in the region, many PaâÂÂumotu (especially those from the Western atolls) are bilingual, speaking both PaâÂÂumotu and Tahitian. Many young PaâÂÂumotu who live on atolls nearer to Tahiti speak only Tahitian and no PaâÂÂumotu.
An example is the PaâÂÂumotu use of a velar sound such as k or g, which in Tahitian-PaâÂÂumotu (a blending of the languages) is rather a glottal stop. For example, the word for 'shark' in PaâÂÂumotu is , but in the blending of the two languages it becomes , dropping the voiced velar nasal consonant g. The same is true with words such as / and /.
These differences in dialect lead to a split between "Old PaâÂÂumotu" and "New PaâÂÂumotu". Many younger PaâÂÂumotu do not recognize some words that their forebears used, such as the word for 'rain'. Younger PaâÂÂumotu use the word for 'rain' in contemporary PaâÂÂumotu.
According to UNESCO, PaâÂÂumotu is "definitely endangered" Indeed, since before the 1960s, many of the Tuamotu islanders have migrated to Tahiti for education or work opportunities; this rural flight has strongly contributed to the weakening of PaâÂÂumotu, which is sometimes described as a "dying language".
Since the 1950s, the only language used in education in French Polynesia was French. No Tahitian or PaâÂÂumotu is taught in schools.
The PaâÂÂumotu language is being monitored by a dedicated regulatory body, called , or KÃÂruru vÃÂnaga. It was created in 2008, following the model of Académie tahitienne.
No systematic grammar has been published on the PaâÂÂumotu language. Current Tahitian-PaâÂÂumotu orthographies are based upon the Tahitian Bible and the Tahitian translation of the Book of Mormon.
An available source for PaâÂÂumotu-English comparatives is The cult of Kiho-Tumu, which contains PaâÂÂumotu religious chants and their English translation.
The glottal stop is found in a large number of Tahitian loanwords. It is also found in free variation with and in a number of words shared between PaâÂÂumotu and Tahitian. An epenthetic glottal stop may be found at the beginning of monophthong-initial words.
Short vowels contrast with long vowels and vowel length is thereby phonemic. A number of non-identical vowel pairs appear in Pu'amotu, and long vowels are interpreted as pairs of identical vowels and written by doubling the vowels in all cases. In non-stressed position, the distinction between long and short may be lost. The position of stress is predictable. Primary stress is on the penultimate vowel before a juncture, with long vowels counting double and semi-vocalized vowels not counting as vowels. One out of every two or three vowels is stressed.. that is, the minimum domain for assigning stress is two vowels, and the maximum is three. When a long vowel is stressed, the stress falls on the entire vowel, regardless of which mora is penultimate, unless the long vowel is word-final. No more than one unstressed vowel/mora can occur in a row, but, when the first of two vowels is long, there is no stresses mora between them. Morphemes of a single short vowel cannot be stressed.
Naturally, a lot of similarity between other Polynesian languages can be seen in the vocabulary of PaâÂÂumotu. 'Woman', for example, is , very close to the Hawaiian and Maori . Another example is 'thing', which in PaâÂÂumotu is , and is the same in Samoan and Maori.
PaâÂÂumotu speakers utilize fast deliberate speech, slow deliberate speech, and normal speech patterns. They apply phrase stress, which can be phonemic or morphemic, and primary stress, which is not phonemic.