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Outline of India

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to India:

Republic of India – the seventh-largest country by area, located on the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. India was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and is the birthplace of four major world religions: Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism. It is also home to followers of Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism.. From 1857 to 1947, India was under British rule. India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence, and underwent a violent partition, which split the erstwhile British Raj into the independent countries of India and Pakistan, (with East Pakistan rebelling against Pakistan in 1971 to form Bangladesh). As of June 2025, India is the most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. It is recognised as the world's largest democracy by population and has emerged as the fourth-largest economy globally.

General reference

Geography of India

India covers an area of 3,287,263 sq. km, extending from the snow-covered Himalayas in the north to the tropical rainforests in the south. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, the country stretches southward and tapers into the Indian Ocean at the Tropic of Cancer, flanked by the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west.

Lying entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, India’s mainland spans latitudes 8°4' to 37°6' N and longitudes 68°7' to 97°25' E. It measures about 3,214 km from north to south and approximately 2,933 km from east to west. The land frontier is about 15,200 km long, and the total coastline; including the mainland, Lakshadweep, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.

India shares borders with Pakistan to the northwest; China, Bhutan, and Nepal to the north; Myanmar to the east; and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka lies to the south, separated by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.

: 4,053 km
: 3,380 km including the territorial disputes along its border; McMahon Line
: 2,912 km including the Line of Control
: 1,690 km
: 1,463 km
: 605 km

Physical divisions of India

Based on these macro variations, India can be divided into the following physiographic divisions:

  1. The Northern and North-eastern Mountains - The North and Northeastern Mountains consist of the Himalayas and the Northeastern hills. Some important ranges are Great Himalayan Range(includes Greater Himalayas, Himadri; the Lesser Himalayas, Himachal and the Outer Himalayas, Shiwalik), Karakoram ranges and the northeast mountain ranges.
  2. The Northern Plain - Located south of the Himalayas, the northern plains are formed by the deposition of sediments from Himalayan rivers Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. It is further divided intro Babhar, Tarai, Alluvial plains further dividing into Khadar & Bhangar.
  3. The Peninsular Plateau - Rising from the height of 150 m above the river plains up to an elevation of 600-900 m is the irregular triangle known as the Peninsular plateau. It is one of the oldest and the most stable landmass of India. Delhi ridge in the northwest, (extension of Aravalis), the Rajmahal hills in the east, Gir range in the west and the Cardamom hills in the south constitute the outer extent of the Peninsular plateau. However, an extension of this is also seen in the northeast, in the form of Shillong and Karbi-Anglong plateau. It is made up of series of patland plateaus such as the Hazaribagh plateau, the Palamu plateau, the Ranchi plateau, the Malwa plateau, the Coimbatore plateau and the Karnataka plateau, etc. On the basis of the prominent relief features, the Peninsular plateau can be divided into three broad groups: (i) The Deccan Plateau (ii) The Central Highlands (iii) The Northeastern Plateau.
  4. The Indian Desert - To the northwest of the Aravali hills lies the Great Indian desert also known as Thar Desert.
  5. The Coastal Plains - It is broadly classified into Eastern coastal plains and Western coastal plains
  6. The Islands - There are two major island groups in India; one in the Bay of Bengal named Andaman & Nicobar Islands and the other in the Arabian Sea named Lakshadweep.

Geographic features of India

Environment of India

Administrative divisions of India

Administrative divisions of India

Administrative divisional structure of India
States and union territories of India

States and union territories of India

Divisions of India
Municipalities of India

Municipalities of India

Geography of states and territories

Demography of India

Demographics of India

Demographics of states and territories

Government and politics of India

Socio-economic issues in India

Branches of the government of India

Executive of the government of India

Legislature of the government of India

Judiciary of the government of India

Foreign relations of India

International organisation membership

The Republic of India is a member of:

Law and order in India

National law enforcement agencies

All India Service for policing – Indian Police Service

* Border Security Force
* Central Bureau of Investigation
* Central Industrial Security Force
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Defence Security Corps
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police
* National Security Guards
* Railway Protection Force
* Special Protection Group
* Narcotics Control Bureau

State police forces

Armed forces of India

Government of states

Politics by states and territories

Legislative Assembly elections by states

  1. Elections in Andhra Pradesh
  2. Elections in Arunachal Pradesh
  3. Elections in Assam
  4. Elections in Bihar
  5. Elections in Chhattisgarh
  6. Elections in Delhi
  7. Elections in Goa
  8. Elections in Gujarat
  9. Elections in Haryana
  10. Elections in Himachal Pradesh
  11. Elections in Jammu and Kashmir
  12. Elections in Jharkhand
  13. Elections in Karnataka
  14. Elections in Kerala
  15. Elections in Madhya Pradesh
  16. Elections in Maharashtra
  17. Elections in Manipur
  18. Elections in Meghalaya
  19. Elections in Mizoram
  20. Elections in Nagaland
  21. Elections in Odisha
  22. Elections in Puducherry
  23. Elections in Punjab
  24. Elections in Rajasthan
  25. Elections in Sikkim
  26. Elections in Tamil Nadu
  27. Elections in Telangana
  28. Elections in Tripura
  29. Elections in Uttar Pradesh
  30. Elections in Uttarakhand
  31. Elections in West Bengal

History of India

History of India by period

History of India by region

History of India by subject

Culture of India

Cuisine of India

Cuisine by regions

The arts in India

Architecture of India

Cinema of India

Film Awards
Cinema by region

Music of India

Music by states and territories

Literature of India

Literature by language

Languages in India

Sports in India

Multi-sport events

General topics

Specific sports

Major Sports Leagues

Culture by region

By directional region

Economy and infrastructure of India

Economy & infrastructure of states

Education in India

Top Indian Universities (NIRF Rankings 2024)

Education in states

Tourism in India

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Tourist attractions

Tourism in states

List of tourism in different states of India

See also

References

External links

Government

General reference

Other