Oleynikov, also Oleinikov (), feminine: Oleynikova, Oleinikova, is a Russian-language occupational surname: the word (archaic in Russian, variously spelled in other Slavic languages) means vegetable oil, 'oleynik' is a person who manufactures or sells oil, and Oleynokov is a patronymic surname derived from 'oleynik'. Notable people with the surname include: