Old Gallo-Italic

Old Gallo-Italic, also referred as Old Lombard, or Old Northern Italian is a Gallo-Romance language spoken from 900 until 1500. The language is similar to Old Occitan, which was spoken around the same area. Most texts were written in the Lombard koinÃÂ©.

History

Before the 13th century

Before the 13th century, the literary language in northern Italy was Old Occitan, being prominent in the 12th century. The first text in a vernacular, in an early form of Piedmontese, is in the Church of Santa Maria Maggio in Vercelli, dating from 1040. Another text from 1106 is in the Church of Sant'Evasio in Casale Monferrato. One of the works of Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, , featured early Genovese Ligurian.

The sermones subalpini was a text in early Old Piedmontese from the 12th century, and is a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont.

13th and 14th centuries

Around the 13th century, many authors would ditch Old Occitan, Old French, and Latin for their native language. Several texts were made in Old Gallo-Italic, such as Bonvesin da la Riva's works, Sermon divin, the autobiography of UguÃÂ§on da Laodho, Splanamento, the works of Guido Faba and Giacomin da Verona.

Characteristics

The c-cedilla (ÃÂ§) could be used before e, shown in the names BerrenÃÂ§ers and UÃÂ§er.
Future tense -ero may be from either Occitan or Latin, which was a very common feature in Gallo-Italic texts from the time.
Old Gallo-Italic shows a compound future tense, as in Old Lombard instead of .

Phonology

The phonology of Old Gallo-Italic was similar to those of Old French and Italian.

Consonants

Some changes include the change of to , as seen with Modern Lombard, Piedmontese, Ligurian, Emilian and Romagnol.

Vowels

Dialects

Old Lombard
Lombard
Siculo-Lombard
Lucano-Lombard
Old Piemontese
Piedmontese
Old Ligurian
Ligurian
Old Venetian (?)
Venetian
Old EmilianÃ¢ÂÂRumagnol
Emilian
Romagnol

Literature and tradition

Authors

13th century

Bonvesin dra Riva (Milan): multiple poems; including Liber di Tre Scricciur;
Pietro da BarsegapÃÂ¨ (Milan): Sermon Divin from 1274;
UguÃÂ§on da Laodho (Lodi): his autobiography;
Gerard Pateg (Cremona): Splanamento;
Giacomin da Verona: multiple poems;
Guido Fava (Bologna): Gemma purpurea e Parlamenta et epistole;

14th century

Antonio da Ferrara: Prima che Ã¢ÂÂl ferro arossi i bianchi pili;
NicolÃÂ² de' Rossi (Treviso): Canzoniere;
Francesco Vannozzo (Padova): Rime;
BernabÃÂ² Visconti (Milan): Lamento.

15th century

Giovan Giorgio Alione (Asti): multiple poems;
Lancino Curti (Milan): Meditatio in Hebdomadam Olivarum;

Sample text

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References