Oleà Ânica (; ) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, within the Wrocà Âaw metropolitan area. It is the administrative seat of Oleà Ânica County and also of the rural district of Gmina Oleà Ânica, although it is not part of the territory of the latter, the town being an urban gmina in its own right.
Established in medieval Poland, Oleà Ânica was the capital of a small eponymous principality from 1313 to 1884. It was a notable center of Polish printing in the early modern period. The town is famed for its large 16th-century ducal castle. The castle's inner courtyard arcades, a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture, are iconic in the region. The town also contains architecture in other styles, including Gothic, Baroque, Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival, and is home of the only surviving chained library in Central Europe. It is located on the Route of the Heroes of the Battle of Warsaw 1920, the main highway connecting Wrocà Âaw with à Âódà º, Warsaw and Biaà Âystok.
The town's name comes from Polish olsza ("Alder"); Olcha is an Old Slavic word for this common plant and tree. On 22 February 1255 the Silesian duke Henry III the White, son of the Polish High Duke Henry II the Pious, vested civitas nostra Olsnicz ("our town Oleà Ânica") with town privileges.
The town is situated in the Silesian Lowlands east of the Trzebnickie Hills, part of the historical region of Lower Silesia. It is situated on the Oleà Ânica River, a tributary of Widawa. Located about northeast of the Silesian capital Wrocà Âaw, it has been a stop on an important trade route to the Greater Poland region, Kalisz, à Âódà º and Warsaw; it had close ties with Kraków via Namysà Âów in the east. It was the site of an important printing press and gymnasium.
The town quarters are Centrum, Serbinów, Lucieà Â, Lucieà  Osiedle, Wàdoà Ây, Rataje (Stare, Nowe) and Zielone Ogrody.
The Piast castle with a nearby abbey and trading settlement was first mentioned in an 1189 deed. It was part of fragmented Poland under the Piast dynasty. In 1255, it was granted town rights by Duke Henry III the White. From the 13th century onwards, the area was largely settled by Germans in the course of the Ostsiedlung. From the 13th century, it had a coin mint. In the 13th century Oleà Ânica was part of the Duchy of Silesia, in 1294 it became part of the Duchy of Gà Âogów and in 1313 it became capital of the Duchy of Oleà Ânica, just partitioned from Gà Âogów. By that time a hospital already existed in Oleà Ânica, mentioned in a document from 1307. From 1320/21 the former castellany served as the residence of the Piast duke Konrad I of Oleà Ânica; his son Duke Konrad II the Gray also inherited Koà ºle. The dukes of Oleà Ânica in the 14th century still claimed to be heirs of the entire Kingdom of Poland, even though they ruled only in their principality, which caused animosity from other Polish dukes in Silesia and monarchs of all Poland. Oleà Ânica was located on an important trade route which connected Wrocà Âaw with Kalisz and Toruà Â.
In 1329, Duke Konrad I was forced to accept the overlordship of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown, although he retained vast autonomy. Local Polish dukes granted numerous privileges to Oleà Ânica, and the Duchy of Oleà Ânica was still ruled from the town until the 1492 death of Duke Konrad X the White, last of the local Piasts. During the Hussite Wars, Oleà Ânica was invaded by the Hussites in 1432, and later PolishâÂÂHussite negotiations took place there. During the BohemianâÂÂHungarian War local dukes switched sides several times. In 1469 they recognized the overlordship of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, in the 1470s Duke Konrad X sided with Bohemian King Vladislaus Jagiellon, in 1480 he recognized Hungarian suzerainty again, and then revolted in 1489. Afterwards it was again a Bohemian fief.
According to an agreement from 1491, the duchy was supposed to pass to future Polish King John I Albert, but eventually in 1495 it was sold to Duke Henry I of Münsterberg, son of the Bohemian (Czech) king George of PodÃÂbrady. His grandson Duke John of Münsterberg-Oels established a gymnasium at Oleà Ânica in 1530. When the Czech Podiebrad family became extinct in 1647, town and duchy were inherited by the Swabian dukes of Württemberg, and in 1792 by the Welf dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
On September 11, 1535, a violent F4 tornado completely destroyed part of the town. The written account of this tornado was done by Dr. Alfred Wegener, which is in the CLIMDAT archive located at Leipzig University and the F4 rating on the Fujita scale was assigned by the European Severe Storms Laboratory.
In the 17th century, the Polish-German language border ran close to Oleà Ânica, including the town to the territory dominated by the Polish language. Polish religious writers Adam Gdacius (nicknamed Rey of Silesia) and Jerzy Bock published their works in Oleà Ânica.
In the 18th century, one of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. As a result of the First Silesian War the Duchy of Oels (Oleà Ânica) came under suzerainty of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742. Following administrative reform in 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars, Oels became the seat of Landkreis Oels in the Province of Silesia, remaining capital of the Duchy of Oels (Oleà Ânica). In 1884 the duchy was incorporated into Prussia, itself part of Germany since the 1871 Prussian-led unification of Germany.
After World War I, Oels was included within the Province of Lower Silesia. Nazi Germany operated a prison in the town, and a forced labour camp for Italian, English, Yugoslavian, Belgian and Polish prisoners of war during World War II. Dozens of Polish resistance members, including women, were held in the local prison, and at least 14 were sentenced to death in the town in 1942. The German administration evacuated almost the entire population, leaving only a few Germans and the forced laborers. The town was heavily damaged by the Red Army in 1945 in the final stages of World War II, having approximately 60-80% of its buildings destroyed. The city became part of Poland again after the Potsdam Conference under its historic Polish name Oleà Ânica. The remaining German-speaking population was subsequently expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and the town was resettled with Poles many of whom were expelled from former eastern Poland annexed in 1945 by the Soviet Union. Some 3,000 Italians remained in the town until the end of 1945, and organized artistic shows to which they invited young Polish activists.
The majority of monuments in the Old Town have been rebuilt since the 1960s.
The officially protected traditional food of Oleà Ânica, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland, is the Oleà Ânica wheat and rye gingerbread.
Football club Pogoà  Oleà Ânica is based in the town. It played at the Polish second division in the 1990s.
Oleà Ânica is twinned with: