North Vanuatu languages

The North Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in northern Vanuatu.

Languages

Clark (2009)

Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the North Vanuatu languages, divided into two main geographic areas (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost and Santo). Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics.

The South Pentecost languages, Ske, Apma, and Saa, are also often classified as Central Vanuatu languages.

• North Vanuatu
• Northern (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost)
• Torres–Banks languages
• Torres Islands: Hiw, Lo-Toga <small>(“Loh”)</small>
• Banks Islands: Lehali–Löyöp <small>(“Ureparapara”)</small>, Mwotlap–Volow <small>(“Mwotlav”)</small>, Lemerig–Vera’a <small>(“Vera'a”)</small>, Vurës–Mwesen <small>(“Vurës”)</small>, Mota, Nume, Dorig–Koro–Olrat <small>(“South Gaua”)</small>, Lakon&nbsp;<small>(“Lakona”)</small>, Mwerlap <small>(“Merlav”)</small>
• Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost
• Maewo: Sun̄wadia, Sun̄wadaga, Baetora
• Ambae: Duidui, Northeast Ambae
• North Pentecost: Raga
• South Pentecost: Ske <small>(“Seke”)</small>; Apma, Sa
• Espiritu Santo languages
• Cape Cumberland (Nokuku); Tolomako
• Wusi, Akei–Tasiriki–Tangoa–Araki <small>(“SW Santo”)</small>, Tiale–Merei <small>(“Central Santo”)</small>, Kiai, “South-central Santo”, M̈av̈ea <small>(“Mafea”)</small>, Tutuba, Aore, Tamambo <small>(“Tamabo”)</small>; Mores
• Southeast Santo, Shark Bay; Sakao

François (2015)

The following list of 9 "Penama" North Vanuatu languages (Clark's Maewo-Ambae-Pentecost) is from François (2015:18–21). He also lists 17 Torres–Banks languages (2011:181) and 38 Espiritu Santo languages (2015:18–21).

Notes

References

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