Niobium(V) fluoride, also known as niobium pentafluoride, is the inorganic compound with the formula NbF<sub>5</sub>. It is a colorless solid.
Niobium pentafluoride is obtained by treatment of any niobium compound with fluorine:
As shown by X-ray crystallography, the solid consists of tetramers [NbF<sub>5</sub>]<sub>4</sub>. This structure is related to that for WOF<sub>4</sub>.
It reacts with hydrogen fluoride to give H<sub>2</sub>NbF<sub>7</sub>, a superacid. In hydrofluoric acid, NbF<sub>5</sub> converts to [NbF<sub>7</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> and [NbF<sub>5</sub>O]<sup>2-</sup>. The relative solubility of (M = Nb, Ta) is the basis of the Marignac process for separation of Nb and Ta.
NbCl<sub>5</sub> forms a dimeric structure (edge-shared bioctahedron) in contrast to the corner-shared tetrameric structure of the fluoride.