Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c (183827 October 1868), born Nguyá» n VÃÂn Lá»Âch, was a Vietnamese fisherman who organized and led village militia forces which fought against French colonial forces in the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam in the 1860s. He was active in Tân An (now part of Long An Province) and Rạch Giá (now part of Kiên Giang Province) from the initial French invasion until he was captured and executed.
Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c was born in 1838 in Nghá» hamlet, Bình Nhá»±t village, Cá»Âu Cð Hạ canton, Cá»Âu An district, Tân An fu, Gia ÃÂá»Ânh province (now is Nghá» hamlet, Thạnh ÃÂức commune, Bến Lức district, Long An province). His grandfather was Nguyá» n VÃÂn ÃÂạo, his father was Nguyá» n VÃÂn Phụng (people called ThÃÂng or Trðá»Âng) and his mother was Lê Kim Há»Âng.<br> When he was young, he had the name "Chán". His name Chán, along with his straightforward personality, so he was given another name Trung Trá»±c (straightforward) from his teacher.
The process of Vietnam's colonization began in September 1858 when a Franco-Spanish force landed at ÃÂàNẵng in central Vietnam and attempted to proceed to the Vietnamese imperial capital of Huế. After meeting stiff resistance, they sailed down to the less-defended south, and quickly captured the Citadel of Saigon in February 1859, before looting and razing it. The leaderless and defeated imperial troops fled in disarray. The French then withdrew, but returned in 1861 in a more serious attempt to claim and occupy Vietnamese territory. In February of that year, the French attacked the citadel of Kỳ Hòa, seizing the fort after two days, along with a large quantity of small arms, artillery and food. Trðáng ÃÂá»Ânh, a local partisan leader who fought at Kỳ Hòa, incorporated soldiers from the defeated imperial army into his ranks, as its commander had committed suicide.
In 1861, the resistance leaders in the Gò Công area delegated ÃÂá»Ânh to travel to Biên Hòa to seek permission from imperial military commissioner Nguyá» n Bá Nghi to "turn around the situation". ÃÂá»Ânh's men were armed with bladed spears, fire lances, knives, sabers, bamboo sticks and swords, trained and on call as necessary. Trá»±c was one of the partisan leaders who assisted ÃÂá»Ânh. Trá»±c's partisan band was based at Tân An The French were aware of his activities, with an intelligence dossier calling him a "likable and intelligent man".
In the initial phase of the conflict, the local militias concentrated on evacuating the populace from areas that had been taken over by the French, while urging those who chose to stay to not cooperate with the Europeans. Snipers were deployed into the occupied areas to assassinate isolated French soldiers. The partisan forces at Gò Công grew to around 6,000 men by June 1861, and the French had begun to report that junks from Singapore and Hong Kong had arrived with shipments of European-made weapons. The forces began inflicting substantial casualties on the European troops, largely because of their intimate knowledge of the terrain, skill in hit-and-run guerrilla tactics, and support from villagers. They focused on chasing French soldiers around the countryside, attacking military installations that were left undefended as a consequence of their guerrilla pursuit.
One of the main objectives of the resistance was to disrupt the transport of rice to Chợ Lá»Ân, the main commercial hub of southern Vietnam, by attacking and either destroying or capturing French-controlled cargo transports (called lorchas) using the local waterways. A French report in November 1861 noted that shipping had been severely disrupted despite high levels of French naval protection. The most notable of the seaborne attacks was Trá»±c's burning of the lorcha L'Esperance on NháºÂt Tảo canal on 10 December 1861.
The NháºÂt Tảo canal connected the eastern and western branches of the Vàm Cá» river. The French frequently used the Vàm Cá» in their operations, utilising it to travel between the town of Mỹ Tho in the rice-growing Mekong Delta, and Gia ÃÂá»Ânh and Chợ Lá»Ân, the main city and business hub in southern Vietnam. The strategic importance of NháºÂt Tảo canal to the French transport of rice led them to build three military outposts in close proximity. They were at Rach Kien to the north, Tân An to the east and Gia Thanh to the south. The canal had been the previous object of partisan activity with the objective of disrupting the French network.
The attack against L'Espérance started at midday at NháºÂt Tảo village, 10 km southwest of Tân An. Today the site is the location of An Nhá»±t Tân village in Tân Trụ District of Long An Province. Trá»±c's 150 men were grouped into three columns. The first group of 61 men under Huỳnh Khắc Nhðợng's command attacked a nearby pro-French village in order to provoke an incident and lure the French forces into an ambush. Trá»±c commanded the second group of 59 partisans along with Võ VÃÂn Quang, and was assigned to burn and sink the vessel. A third force of 30 men was commanded by Há» Quang and Nguyá» n VÃÂn Há»Âc. Their objective was to impede any French reinforcements and to help in the attack on the vessel.
After Nhðợng's men had attacked the village, Lieutenant Parfait, commander of the lorcha, instructed his troops to follow them to nearby villages. Trá»±c's group, who had disguised themselves as rice merchants, travelled in five boats and approached the French vessel under the pretext of applying for travel permits. (some sources said that they disguised as wedding boats) When the boats came within range, Trá»±c and his men boarded the vessel using hand-to-hand weapons such as knives and bayonets, killing 20 French sailors and their Vietnamese assistants. The attack took place so quickly that the crew were unable to send distress signals for reinforcements. The 30 men under the command of Quang and Há»Âc, who were intended to block French reinforcements, jumped into the water and used axes to scuttle the lorcha, before setting it ablaze. Only five of the crew, two French and three Filipinos, managed to escape death by hiding in the bushes by the waterside for three days.
When Lieutenant Parfait returned, he attempted to retaliate against the surrounding villages. However, the villagers had been aware of events and had already been evacuated, so the French officer managed only to burn and destroy the houses, livestock and rice fields.
In this battle, the French army suffered a great loss: L'Espérance was sunk, 17 soldiers and 20 pro-French Vietnamese associates were killed, only eight people escaped, including 2 French soldiers and 6 Tagal soldiers (mercenaries from Philippines). The Vietnamese Resistance force won but there were 4 people who died, all of which were honored by Emperor Tá»± ÃÂức.
The attack buoyed local Vietnamese morale and gave them the belief that they could have a fighting chance against French naval forces. The French Inspector of Indigenous Affairs at Thủ Dầu Má»Ât, Grammont, stated that "This event made a big impression on the Vietnamese. They considered it as a destined turn of their fortune." The sinking earned the specific praise of Emperor Tá»± ÃÂức, who described the incident as "most outstanding". This prompted the emperor to promote Trá»±c to be the Provincial Military Lead (Chinese: é Âå µ, Vietnamese: Lãnh binh) of HàTiên.
However, the overall Vietnamese military performance was not as successful. On 5 June 1862, the court's plenipotentiary Phan Thanh Giản and another official Lâm Duy Hiá»Âp signed the Treaty of Saigon. This agreement ceded the three southern provinces of Gia ÃÂá»Ânh, ÃÂá»Ânh Tðá»Âng and Biên Hòa to become the French colony of Cochinchina. The treaty was accompanied by financial compensation to France, religious concessions to missionaries and commercial opportunities to European merchants. Nevertheless, Trá»±c continued his resistance in defiance of the treaty. On 15 June 1866, in one attack, he killed five French officers and captured 100 firearms, then returned to HàTiên where he built up another peasant movement at Cá»Âa Cạn.
In mid-1868, Quản Lá»Âch successfully attacked the French fortress at Kiên Giang in Rạch Giá, killing the French-installed provincial chief and 30 of the opposition troops. In order to capture his strongholds and regain the citadel, the French took his mother hostage. French forces then regained control of the fort and captured him. The French saw Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c had a great influence on the anti-French movement in the South, so they tried to recruit him. The French commanders and their collaborator Huỳnh Công Tấn - also known as ÃÂá»Âi Tấn, an old teammate of Quản Lá»Âch under the command of General Trðáng ÃÂá»Ânh - made many promises, bestowed titles and benefits but could not shake him. Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c replied emphatically:
<div style="display:block; width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:smaller;font-style:italic;">("Only when the Westerner pull out all grass of the Southern country, does the Southern people stop fighting against the Westerner.")</div>
Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c was beheaded by the French at Rạch Giá on October 27, 1868, at the age of 30.
Despite ordering the partisans to respect the Treaty of Saigon and stop fighting the French in the south, Tá»± ÃÂức praised the "righteousness" of Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c and his men. Following his death, the emperor composed a poem in his honor. Although Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c was disobeying Tá»± ÃÂức's orders to stop the insurgency, the emperor still viewed his actions as a service to the monarchy.
The ex governor (Vietnamese: Tuần phủ) of HàTiên province, , a famous scholar of Cochinchina, wept for Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c with a Lüshi verse
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The national hero Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c is honored by the people as a major god. People in Southern Vietnam call him by "Cụ Nguyá» n" (Sir Nguyá» n). Southern people, especially laypeople, followers of Hòa Hảo Buddhism, which is the endogenous religion of the Bá»Âu Sán Kỳ Hðáng sect, all set up altars with statues or photos of Sir Nguyá» n. All Hòa Hảo Buddhist followers greatly admire and respect the national hero Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c, calling him "ÃÂng Soái" (Sir Marshal).
Nowadays, the establishment of worshiping Nguyá» n Trung Trá»±c as the main god is built in 6 provinces in the Mekong Delta, including: Kiên Giang, An Giang, HáºÂu Giang, Sóc TrÃÂng, Bạc Liêu and Long An. Particularly in Kiên Giang province, there are 13 communal houses worshiping Sir Nguyá» n as the main god. Every year, on the occasion of the festival commemorating the death of Sir Nguyá» n, people from all over the country make pilgrimages to attend.