Nalakuvara, also known as Nalakubara (), appears in Hindu and Buddhist mythology as the brother of Manigriva (also known as Manibhadra), the son of the yaksha king Kubera (also known as Vaishravana), and husband of Rambha and Ratnamala. Nalakuvara often appears as a sexual trickster figure in Hindu and Buddhist literature.
Various Sanskrit and Prakrit texts offer the name "Nalakuvara", "Nalakà «vala", "Mayuraja", "Narakuvera", and "Naá¹Âakuvera" to describe the son of Kubera. The god also appears in Chinese texts as "Nazha", and later "Nezha", a shortened transliteration of the word "Nalakuvara".
In the Ramayana, Nalakuvara's, first wife, Rambha, was sexually assaulted by his uncle, Ravaá¹Âa. In the Valmiki Ramayana, Nalakuvara curses Ravana that he would never be able to approach another youthful woman unless she shares his love; if, carried away by lust, he does violence to any woman who does not love him, his head would split into seven pieces. This curse protected the chastity of Sita, the wife of Rama, after she was kidnapped by Ravana.
In the Bhagavata Purana, Nalakuvara, and his brother Manigriva, are cursed by the sage Narada into becoming trees. They are later liberated by the child-god Krishna.
Nalakuvera and Manigriva were playing, in the nude, in the Ganges, with apsaras, when Narada walked by after a visit with Vishnu. Upon seeing Narada, the maidens covered themselves, while Nalakuvara and Manigriva were too intoxicated to notice Narada, and remained unclothed. According to some accounts, Narada pitied the brothers for wasting away their lives through their excessive indulgence in women and wine. In order to help the brothers realise their mistake, Narada cursed them into two Arjuna trees. Narada wished for the brothers to meet Krishna after many years, who would be able to liberate them from the curse. In other accounts, it is said that Narada is so offended by the brothersâ lack of dignity and respect, that he cursed them into trees. After the two brothers pleaded with Narada, he consented that they could be liberated if Krishna touched them.
Many years later, when Krishna was in his infancy, his foster-mother Yashoda had tied him to a mortar in order to prevent him from eating dirt. Krishna dragged the mortar along the ground until it became wedged between two trees. These trees happened to be Nalakuvara and Manigriva, and upon contact, they returned to their original forms. The brothers then paid homage to Krishna, apologised for their previous mistakes, and departed.
In the KÃÂkÃÂti JÃÂtaka story, Nalakuvara (here Naá¹Âakuvera), appears as the court musician of the king of Benares. After the King's wife, Queen KÃÂkÃÂtë, is kidnapped by the Garuá¸Âa King, the King of Benares sends Naá¹Âakuvera to look for her. Naá¹Âakuvera hides within the plumage of the Garuá¸Âa King, who carries Naá¹Âakuvera to his nest. Once he has arrived, Naá¹Âakuvera has sex with Queen KÃÂkÃÂtë. Afterwards Naá¹Âakuvera returned to Benares in the Garuá¸Âa's wing, and composed a song telling of his experiences with KÃÂkÃÂtë. When the Garuá¸Âa hears the song, he realises that he has been tricked, he brings KÃÂkÃÂtë back home to her husband.
Tantric masters invoked Nalakuvara as the commander of Kubera's army of yaká¹£as. He appears in the tantric text "Great Peacock-Queen Spell," which portrays him as a heroic yaká¹£a general and invokes Nalakà «vara's name as a way to cure snakebites. Some versions of the "Great Peacock-Queen Spell" (MahÃÂmÃÂyà «rëvidyÃÂrÃÂjñë and the "Amogha-pÃÂà Âa" give Nalakuvara the title "Great Yaká¹£a General." Nalakuvara appears in two other tantric texts: "The Yaká¹£a NartakaparaâÂÂs Tantra," and "The Great Yaká¹£a General NatakaparaâÂÂs Tantric Rituals."
Nalakuvara was transmitted through Buddhist texts into China, where he became known as Nezha (known earlier as Nazha). In Chinese mythology, Nezha is the third son of the Tower King, so many people also called Nezha as the third prince. Nezha is also called "Marshal of the Central Altar".
According to Meir Shahar, the etymology of the word âÂÂNezhaâ showed that the name is a shortened (and slightly corrupted) transcription of the Sanskrit name "Nalakà «bara." It has been suggested by Shahar that the legends surrounding Nezha are a combination of the mythology of Nalakuvara and the child-god Krishna (Bala Krishna).
Nezha is a well-known Daoist deity in Japan. The Japanese refer to Nezha as Nataku or Nata, which came from the readings of Journey to the West