List of scientists in medieval Islamic world

Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.

Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:

Astronomers

• Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777)
• Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806)
• Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850)
• Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864)
• Al-Marwazi (d. 869)
• Al-Farghani (d. 870)
• Al-Mahani (d. 880)
• Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886)
• DÄ«nawarÄ« (d. 896)
• BanÅ« MÅ«sā (d. 9th century)
• Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century)
• Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century)
• Al-Nayrizi (d. 922)
• Al-Battani (d. 929)
• AbÅ« Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971)
• Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986)
• Al-Saghani (d. 990)
• AbÅ« al-Wafā' al-BÅ«zjānÄ« (d. 998)
• Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century)
• AbÅ« Sahl al-QÅ«hÄ« (d. 1000)
• Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000)
• Al-Majriti (d. 1007)
• Ibn Yunus (d. 1009)
• Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029)
• Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036)
• Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037)
• Ibn Sina (d. 1037)
• Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040)
• Al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ« (d. 1048)
• Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061)
• AbÅ« Ishāq IbrāhÄ«m al-ZarqālÄ« (d. 1087)
• Omar Khayyám (d. 1131)
• Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138)
• Ibn Tufail (d. 1185)
• Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
• Al-Khazini (d. 12th century)
• Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204)
• Sharaf al-DÄ«n al-TÅ«sÄ« (d. 1213)
• Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266)
• Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274)
• Shams al-DÄ«n al-SamarqandÄ« (d. 1310)
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311)
• Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346)
• Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375)
• Shams al-DÄ«n AbÅ« Abd Allāh al-KhalÄ«lÄ« (d. 1380)
• JamshÄ«d al-KāshÄ« (d. 1429)
• Ulugh Beg (d. 1449)
• Ali Qushji (d. 1474)

Psychiatrists

• Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
• Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy
• Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
• Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
• Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies
• Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery
• Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception
• Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time
• Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn SÄ«nā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
• Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology
• Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease
• Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture

Chemists and alchemists

• Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid)
• Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765)
• Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber)
• Al-KhwārizmÄ« (780–850), algebra, mathematics
• Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman)
• Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus)
• Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007)
• Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030)
• AbÅ« Rayhān al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ« (973–1048)
• Avicenna (980–1037)
• Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130)
• Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274)
• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)

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Economists and social scientists

• Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
• Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
• Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science
• AbÅ« Rayhān al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ« (973–1048), Anthropology", Indology
• Ibn SÄ«nā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
• Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist
• Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
• Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
• NasÄ«r al-DÄ«n al-TÅ«sÄ« (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
• Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
• Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist

Geographers and earth scientists

• Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography
• Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science
• Zakariya al-Qazwini (1204-1283), geographer, cozmographer, physicist and mathematician. He explained the formation of mountains and collected the latitude, longitude and climate of 700 cities together with their time differences in a book.
• al-Hamdani
• Ibn Al-Jazzar
• Al-Tamimi
• Al-Masihi
• Ali ibn Ridwan
• Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
• Ahmad ibn Fadlan
• AbÅ« Rayhān al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ«, geodesy, geology and Anthropology
• Avicenna
• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
• Averroes
• Ibn al-Nafis
• Ibn Jubayr
• Ibn Battuta
• Ibn Khaldun
• Piri Reis
• Evliya Çelebi

Mathematicians

• Ali Qushji
• Al-Hajjāj ibn YÅ«suf ibn Matar
• Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
• Muhammad ibn MÅ«sā al-KhwārizmÄ« (Algorismi), algebra and algorithms
• 'Abd al-HamÄ«d ibn Turk
• AbÅ« al-Hasan ibn AlÄ« al-QalasādÄ« (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra
• AbÅ« Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
• Al-Abbās ibn Said al-JawharÄ«
• Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
• BanÅ« MÅ«sā (Ben Mousa)
• Ja'far Muhammad ibn MÅ«sā ibn Shākir
• Al-Hasan ibn MÅ«sā ibn Shākir
• Al-Mahani
• Ahmed ibn Yusuf
• Al-Majriti
• Al-Battani (Albatenius)
• Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
• Al-Nayrizi
• AbÅ« Ja'far al-Khāzin
• Brethren of Purity
• Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
• Al-Saghani
• AbÅ« Sahl al-QÅ«hÄ«
• Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
• AbÅ« al-Wafā' al-BÅ«zjānÄ«
• Ibn Sahl
• Al-Sijzi
• Ibn Yunus
• Abu Nasr Mansur
• Kushyar ibn Labban
• Al-Karaji
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
• AbÅ« Rayhān al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ«
• Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
• Al-Nasawi
• Al-Jayyani
• AbÅ« Ishāq IbrāhÄ«m al-ZarqālÄ« (Arzachel)
• Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
• Omar Khayyám
• Al-Khazini
• Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
• Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
• Al-Marrakushi
• Al-Samawal
• Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
• Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq
• Ibn al-Banna'
• Ibn al-Shatir
• Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
• JamshÄ«d al-KāshÄ«
• Kamāl al-DÄ«n al-FārisÄ«
• Muḥyi al-DÄ«n al-MaghribÄ«
• Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
• Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
• Qāḍī Zāda al-RÅ«mÄ«
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
• Shams al-DÄ«n al-SamarqandÄ«
• Sharaf al-DÄ«n al-TÅ«sÄ«
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
• Ulugh Beg
• Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)

Philosophers

• Al-Kindi
• Averroes
• Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
• Al-Farabi
• Avicenna
• Ibn Arabi
• Rumi
• Jami
• Ibn Khaldun
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Physicists and engineers

• Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
• Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
• BanÅ« MÅ«sā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
• Ja'far Muhammad ibn MÅ«sā ibn Shākir
• Ahmad ibn MÅ«sā ibn Shākir
• Al-Hasan ibn MÅ«sā ibn Shākir
• Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
• Al-Saghani (d. 990)
• AbÅ« Sahl al-QÅ«hÄ« (Kuhi), 10th century
• Ibn Sahl, 10th century
• Ibn Yunus, 10th century
• Al-Karaji, 10th century
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics, and experimental physics
• AbÅ« Rayhān al-BÄ«rÅ«nÄ«, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics
• Ibn SÄ«nā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
• Al-Khazini, 12th century
• Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
• Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
• Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
• Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer
• Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
• Kamāl al-DÄ«n al-FārisÄ«, 13th century
• Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century

See also

• List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
• List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
• List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

Notes

References