Montezuma Township is located in Pike County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 540 and it contained 254 housing units.
It is located in Township 6 South, Range 2 West of the 3rd Principal Meridian. Villages include Bedford, Greenpond, Milton and Montezuma.
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 97.97%) is land and (or 2.03%) is water.