The Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin (, formerly the ATD-X) is a Japanese experimental aircraft for testing advanced stealth fighter aircraft technologies. It is being developed by the Japanese Ministry of Defense Technical Research and Development Institute (TRDI) for research purposes. The main contractor of the project is Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Many consider this aircraft to be Japan's first domestically made stealth fighter. ATD-X is an abbreviation for "Advanced Technology Demonstrator â X". The aircraft is widely known in Japan as although the name itself is an early code name within the Japan Self-Defense Forces and is not officially in use. The aircraft's first flight was on 22 April 2016.
The success of this development test prototype has led to the start-up of the Mitsubishi F-X sixth-generation fighter program.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Japan, seeking to replace its ageing fleet of fighter aircraft, made a series of overtures to the United States on the topic of purchasing several Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor fighter aircraft. However, the U.S. Congress had banned the exporting of the aircraft in order to safeguard secrets of the aircraft's technology such as its extensive use of stealth; this rejection necessitated Japan to develop its own modern fighter, to be equipped with stealth features and other advanced systems.
Accordingly, Japan began to explore domestic options for producing a new generation fighter aircraft. During 2006, a radio-controlled 1/5 scale model made its first flight to gain data on performance at high angles of attack and to test new sensory equipment and self-repairing flight control systems. Following these preliminary steps, the decision was taken in 2007 to proceed with the multi billion-yen project. At the time of this decision, production was forecast to start roughly ten years later, around 2017. In 2007, the ATD-X was openly expected to conduct its maiden flight in 2014. Four year later, the projected date for the maiden flight was still set to take place during either 2014 or 2015.
During 2009, the 40 billion yen construction project began in the Mitsubishi's Komaki South Plant under the supervision of the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA) of the Defense Ministry. In July 2014, the TRDI (Technical Research & Development Institute) released the first official photos of the ATD-X prototype, and stated that the aircraft was undergoing ground testing. The fighter prototype was expected to be fully developed by 2018. The ATD-X program will then lead to the Mitsubishi F-3, which should carry sixth-generation technology, and is expected to be produced in 2027.
The ATD-X prototype was officially unveiled on 29 January 2016. The aircraft's first flight was expected the following month; it carried the X-2 official military designation at the unveiling.
On 22 April 2016, the X-2 performed its maiden flight from Nagoya Airfield; following a 26 minute flight, it landed at the JASDF's Gifu Air Field. The unusually prolonged period between structural completion and first flight has not been fully explained. The Jiji News Agency reported that the X-2 has a take-off weight of ; Japanese media reported its weight as , heavy for a demonstrator of these dimensions span and long.
In late November 2017, ATLA announced that the X-2's testing will be concluded in March 2018. By that time, the X-2 had completed 34 sorties out of the original 50 planned flights.
By July 2018, Japan had gleaned sufficient information from flight tests for a determination and decided that it would need to bring on board international partners to complete this project. Several companies have responded, including the American defence firm Lockheed Martin (which reportedly offered an updated version of the F-22 Raptor), the British aerospace company BAE Systems (which reportedly entered talks about towards what has since become the Global Combat Air Programme), and the American aircraft firm Northrop Grumman (which was speculated to have offered a modernized version of the YF-23).
The X-2's development and maiden flight made Japan to become the fourth nation in the world to develop and test-fly their own stealth jet (after the United States, Russia and China), helping to revitalize Japan's defense and aerospace industries and to stay competitive with regional powers China and South Korea that are also developing their own stealth fighters. Prior to the X-2 and the 2014 easing of arms export restrictions, Japan's defense industry stagnated because the arms export ban prevented Japan from exporting weapons or participating in any joint development with another country, with the exception being the United States. This in turn slowed the growth of Japan's defense and aerospace industries, as the lack of military aircraft development means that procurement of certain aircraft are sought elsewhere from foreign defense contractors. The X-2 is thus seen as having potential to reinvigorate Japan's aerospace and defense industry. According to Hideaki Watanabe, head of the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA), the X-2 can be used to give Japan more bargaining power in future joint development projects because of its technological advancement. There is also potential that technologies developed from the X-2 can be transferred and used for civilian applications as the Mitsubishi F-2 has done prior. The F-2 introduced the first usage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar on a fighter aircraft. CFRP material would later be used for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and while the AESA radar technology would help produce electronic toll collection system.
The X-2 will be used as a technology demonstrator and research prototype to determine whether domestic advanced technologies for a fifth generation fighter aircraft are viable. The aircraft features 3-D thrust vectoring capability. Thrust is controlled in the ATD-X by three paddles on each engine nozzle similar to the system used on the Rockwell X-31, while an axis-symmetric thrust vectoring engine is also being developed for the full-scale production model. The X-2 was powered by a pair of IHI Corporation XF5 engines during its test flight programme.
To minimize its radar cross-section (RCS), the X-2's body is designed to have even surfaces and eliminate seam joints. The radiation-absorbent material (RAM) used on the body is reportedly a composite material consisting of ceramic and silicon carbide and is developed by Ube Industries, while the cockpit windshield is coated with a special tin alloy. The aircraft incorporates a serpentine shaped air intake duct to further suppress radar reflection. According to Hideaki Miwa of the Defense Ministry's procurement agency, the X-2's RCS is "no bigger than a giant beetle viewed from tens of kilometers away".
Among the planned features of the X-2 is a fly-by-optics flight control system, which by replacing traditional wires with optical fibers, allows data to be transferred faster and with immunity to electromagnetic disturbance. A further feature will be a so-called , which will allow the aircraft to automatically detect failures or damage in its flight control surfaces, and using the remaining control surfaces, calibrate accordingly to retain controlled flight. Its radar will be an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar called the 'Multifunction RF Sensor', which is intended to have broad spectrum agility, capabilities for electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic support measures (ESM), communications functions, and possibly even microwave weapon functions.