Masovian dialect group

The Masovian dialect group (), also Mazovian, is a dialect group of the Polish language spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland. It is the most distinct of the Polish dialects and the most expansive.

Mazovian dialects may exhibit such features as mazurzenie, sandhi (intervocalic voicing of obstruents on word boundaries), and asynchronous palatal pronunciation of labial consonants (so-called softening). Characteristics include:

• Depalatalization of velars before and palatalization of velars before historical ; e.g. standard Polish rękę, nogę ('arm', 'leg', in the accusative case) is rendered , respectively instead of , ;
• sequences realized instead of ;
• merger of the retroflex series sz, ż, cz, dż into the alveolar s, z, c, dz;
• > before certain consonants;
• the Old Polish dual number marker -wa continues to be attached to verbs;
• Standard Polish and merged with and respectively, in most situations;
• certain instances of a > e;
• >

Masovian dialects also contain certain vocabulary that is distinct from the standard Polish language and shares common characteristics with the Kashubian language.

List of dialects

Descended from the language of the Masovians, the dialects are:

* Lubawa dialect

* Ostróda dialect

* Warmian dialect

* Masurian dialects

* Suwałki dialect

* Łowicz dialect

* Near Masovian dialect

* Far Masovian dialect

* Kurpie dialect

* Podlachian dialect

* Białystok dialect

* Warsaw dialect

Features of the region

Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:

1. Labiovelarization of *telt > tëłt > tołt > tłot *pelti > płoc (Compare Polish pleć) (perhaps with the exception of słoʒona, sledziona)
2. *TorT > TroT
3. *ľ̥ > l̥ except in Pľ̥T́PK (po wargowych, a przed palatalnymi, wargowymi, i tylkojęzykowymi)
4. remaining *ľ̥ in Pľ̥T́PK > ‘el: ḿelli, hard *l̥ > oł (Stolpsko), Pľ̥T (after a labial, before a hard postalveolar > ṔołT: v́ołna
5. softening of consonants before *ŕ̥t> ar: tfardi except źarno and śarno
6. interword devoicing of consonants before voiceless consonants, liquids, or vowels: sat rośnie, sat urós, ukratem, zav́eśmi (zawieźmy)
7. w > v/f trój, kfiat, *χw > χv > χf > f fała (chwała)
8. mazurzenie: š ž č ǯ > s z c ʒ: scekać (szczekać, or a merger of the retroflexes and palatal sibilants into postalveolar: szcziekać, sziano
9. Old Polish ḷ > ł > u̯, especially in West Masovia
10. Hardening of Old Polish ľ > l even before i: lis
11. Decomposition of soft labials: ṕ, b́, f́, v́, ḿ > pš/pχ́, bž/bɣ́, vź, fś, mń: kurpχ́/karpś, pafχ́/ołófš́, mniasto, also śfat (świat), niedźwiedź (earlier mniedźwiedź)
12. Simplification of resulting clusters containing labials: ołóš́, źara (wiara), niasto
13. śř, źř > śr, źr, środa, źrėbåk
14. penultimate stress
15. Loss aje> ā, grai̯e > grā
16. preference for pochylone ȯ (kłȯtka, skȯlni)
17. ir > ėr, sėrce
18. *y > i, sin, dim, dwa ribi (compare decomposition of bilabials)
19. Fronting of Old Polish short ă, even softening velars, pråvdä, ḱäńå täg vołå, sometimes merging with e
20. a > ä > e in some Old Polish texts
21. i̯a- > i̯ä- > i̯e-: i̯epko
22. ra- > rä- > re-: reno
23. -ar- > -är- > -er-: umer, derń (compare also umárł)
24. frequent and common *ěT > ä > e: osierze (ofiara)
25. ăN > äN > śäno
26. á > a: dobra trawä
27. loss of the phonemically short nasal in short syllables into a front, middle nasal between a and e, indifferent to the width of the opening of ą̈: zą̈bi, sometimes going to ą (ćąsko) or ę (ćęsko), or sometimes denazalisation in unstressed codas or before sibilants (i̯azik, i̯ėnzik)
28. lost of the phonemically long nasal vowel ą̄ > ǫ and in regions touching Małopolska > ų, with frequent denasalization as above (kśůska)
29. -išče > -isko
30. spread of -isty, -asty
31. replacement of -’ev in soft stems with -’ov in the 16th century, and occasional hypercorrection to adding -’ev after hard stems: synev́i
32. establishment of od(-) (<*otъ) before vowels and liquids, od okna, odnaleźć in the 15th century
33. loss via analogy of mobile e: do Suvȧłk
34. spread of -ywać
35. replacement of neuter nouns ending in -ę with -ak: ćelȧk
36. replacement of -eć infinitives with -ić/-yć: lezyć
37. replacement of the superlative nȧ- with nai̯-
38. establishment of voiced z(-) before vowels and liquids: zleźć, z ńim
39. replacement of the locative plural -’eχ with -aχ in the middle of the 16th century
40. mixing of the dative endings -ov́i with -u > -ov́u: bratoźu, χłopakoɣ́u, wołoju
41. replacement of the genitive singular soft-stem ending -’e (<*-ě₃) with -i: z źä(m)ńi
42. replacement of the nominative/accusative neuter ending -ē < *-ьje with -ĕ with declensions from *-jo-: zboze
43. replacement of the genitive/locative adjective/pronoun plural ending -iχ with -ėχ
44. sporadic use of adjective/pronoun endings for some nouns
45. replacement of neuter/feminine dv́e with dva: dva krovi, dva okna
46. replacement of the ending -i for numerals from 5–10 with -u: z dvu, seśću, or ṕę̇ćuχ
47. replacement of ā < *ěja in preterite forms with the reflex of *ě by analogy: mńāł, mńăłă, mńeli
48. loss of -ui̯e, -ovać (-ivać) in some verbs: kupać, zlatać
49. loss of the dual with the dual form -ta replacing the second person plural: ńeśeta, ńeśta with -će being used for formal forms: ńeśeće
50. in some subdialects spread of the first person dual -va in the present: ńeśeva
51. in some subdialects replacement of the first person imperative -m with -my: ńeśmi or more often with -va: ńeźva, and occasional contamination of the two with -ma: neśma
52. in the first person compound past (nosił(a) + jeśḿ) > -eśḿ > -(e)m: nosiłem/uśatem
53. first person past: ńeśli(je)sm > neśliśmy, and also replacement with the dual: bẏliźva or -śma: nośiliśma
54. merger of masculine personal with masculine animal endings by spread of -y and -e
55. regional replacement of -li with -ły: spałi (for m.pr and m.an)
56. regional replacement of -ły with -li: spali (for m.pr and m.an)

References

Bibliography

• Barbara Bartnicka (red.): Polszczyzna Mazowsza i Podlasia. Łomża-Warszawa 1993.
• Anna Basara: Studia nad wokalizmem w gwarach Mazowsza. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1965.
• Anna Cegieła: Polski Słownik terminologii i gwary teatralnej. Wrocław 1992.
• Jadwiga Chludzińska-Świątecka: Ze studiów nad słowotwórstwem gwar mazowieckich. Poradnik Językowy, z. 6, 1961, s. 253–258.
• Karol Dejna: Dialekty polskie. Ossolineum 1993.
• Barbara Falińska (red.): Gwary Mazowsza, Podlasia i Suwalszczyzny.É´ I. Filipów, pow. Suwałki, Białystok, 2004.
• Województwo płockie. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź-Płock 1984.