Martin Peterka (born 12 January 1995) is a Czech basketball player for MKS Dàbrowa Górnicza of the Polish Basketball League (PLK). He is also part of the Czech Republic national team.
On 30 June 2020 Peterka parted ways with ERA Basketball Nymburk. Peterka then signed with club Löwen Braunschweig on 6 August 2020.
On December 1, 2022, he signed with Merkezefendi Bld. Denizli Basket of the Turkish Basketball Super League (BSL).
On January 30, 2023, he signed with SIG Strasbourg of the French LNB Pro A.
On September 9, 2024, he signed with Yalovaspor Basketbol of the Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).
On August 14, 2025, he signed with MKS Dàbrowa Górnicza of the Polish Basketball League (PLK).
Peterka represented the Czech Republic national team at the EuroBasket 2017.