Maria Caterina Farnese (18 February 1615 – 15 August 1646) was a member of the Ducal House of Farnese. She was Duchess of Modena as the first wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena. In some sources she is known simply as Maria Farnese.
Maria Caterina was born in Parma to Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma and his wife, Donna Margherita Aldobrandini. Her mother was Margherita Aldobrandini, daughter of Gianfrancesco and Olimpia Aldobrandini.
Maria was engaged to Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, son of Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Princess Isabella of Savoy. She married Francesco on 11 January 1631 in Parma.
Maria died 15 August 1646, having given birth to a son. She died at the Ducal Palace of Sassuolo outside Modena, the summer residence of the Dukes of Modena.
Maria and Francesco had: