The Principality of Mangkunegaran () was a small Javanese princely state located within the region of Surakarta in Indonesia. It was established in 1757 by Raden Mas Said, when he submitted his army to Pakubuwono III in February, and swore allegiance to the rulers of Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and the Dutch East Indies Company, and was given an appanage of 4000 households.
The Palace of the rulers of Mangkunegaran was established by Raden Mas Said who signed a treaty with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1757. By the treaty, he became the ruler of a part of Eastern Mataram and was henceforth known as Mangkunegara I. Known as Pura Mangkunegaran, the palace is located in the center of the city of Solo.
Mangkunegaran is formed based on the Treaty of Salatiga (or Kalicacing Treaty) that was signed on 17 March 1757 in Salatiga to appease the rebellion conducted by Raden Mas Said (Prince Sambernyawa) against the Dutch East India Company and Pakubuwono III, the Sunan of Surakarta Sunanate after the breakup of the Mataram Sultanate through the Treaty of Giyanti signed two years prior.
Based on the Treaty of Salatiga, Raden Mas Said was given the title of Pangeran Miji and gained the right to control the lungguh region to the north, east, and southeast of the capital of the Surakarta Sunanate. The area of this region is relatively 49% of the Nagara Agung (the core area around the capital) of the Surakarta Sunanate after 1830, namely at the end of the Diponegoro War. Its territory now includes the northern part of Surakarta (the entire Banjarsari District and parts of the northern side of Jebres and Laweyan Districts, Surakarta), the entirety of Karanganyar Regency, Wonogiri Regency, and parts of the Ngawen and Semin Districts in Gunung Kidul Regency.
By tradition, the rulers of Mangkunegaran was called Mangkunegara. Raden Mas Said became the 1st Duke of Mangkunegaran. They ruled from their official seat of Pura Mangkunegaran in Surakarta. The ruler of the Mangkunegaran Palace, based on the agreement that established it, is entitled to the title of Pangeran Adipati (formally Kangjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangkunegara Senapati ing Ayudha Sudibyaningprang), but not the title of Susuhunan or Sultan. The Mangkunegaran Palace is a Duchy, thus its position is lower than that of the Surakarta Sunanate and the Yogyakarta Sultanate. This distinct status is reflected in several traditions that still exist today, such as the number of bedhaya dancers, which is seven, rather than nine, as in the Surakarta Sunanate. However, unlike the Duchy of Surakarta in earlier periods, Mangkunegaran enjoyed extensive autonomy, having the right to maintain its own independent army (known as the Mangkunegaran Legion) without intervention from the Sunanate.
After the independence of Indonesia, the ruling duke Mangkunegara VIII together with Sunan Pakubuwono XII pledged to have their realms be part of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia on 19 August 1945, further legalized by a royal decree on 1 September 1945. Initially, the Mangkunegaran and the Sunanate of Surakarta became the Special Region of Surakarta. However due to political instability, the special region status was revoked by the central government. The Mangkunegaran Palace continues to function as a ceremonial monarchy, guarding Javanese culture, particularly the Javanese gagrag (style) culture of Surakarta sub-Mangkunegaran. After Mangkunegara VIII died and his first son, G.P.H. Raditya Prabukusuma, had already died before him, the next heir to the throne was his second son, G.P.H. Sujiwakusuma, who later took the title Mangkunegara IX.
The rulers of the Mangkunegaran Kingdom are not buried in the Imogiri Palace, but rather in the Mangadeg Palace and Girilayu Palace, located on the slopes of Mount Lawu in Karanganyar Regency. The exception is the tomb of Mangkunegara VI, who is buried in the North Palace in Surakarta.
The official colors of the Mangkunegaran flag are golden yellow and green, nicknamed Pareanom (young pare), which can be seen on the emblem, flag, pataka, and samir worn by the courtiers and relatives of the Mangkunegaran Palace.
The Duke of Mangkunegaran holds a title Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Aryo (His Royal Highness Duke)
This list is of ruling dates. Noted that the marriage(s) lists below were only included the royal consort(s), not included the concubine(s).
|- |<big>Mangkunegara I</big><Br>Raden Mas Said<br><hr />17 March 1757<br>âÂÂ<br>28 December 1795<br>() | |Kartasura<br>7 April 1725 <hr />Grandson of Amangkurat IV | |Surakarta<br>28 December 1795 <hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara II</big><br>Bendara Raden Mas Sulama<br> <hr />25 January 1796<br>âÂÂ<br>17 January 1835 <br>() | |Surakarta<br>5 January 1768<hr />Grandson of Mangkunegara I | |Surakarta<br>17 January 1836 <hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara III</big><br>Bendara Raden Mas Sarengat<br> <hr />23 January 1835<br>âÂÂ<br>8 January 1853<br>() | |Surakarta<br>16 January 1803<hr />Grandson of Mangkunegara II | |Surakarta<br>8 January 1853<hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara IV</big><br>Bendara Raden Mas Sudira<br> <hr />27 January 1853<br>âÂÂ<br>2 September 1881<br>() | |Surakarta<br>3 March 1811<hr />Cousin of Mangkunegara III | |Surakarta<br>2 September 1881 <hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara V</big><br>Gusti Raden Mas Sunita<br> <hr />5 September 1881<br>âÂÂ<br>10 October 1896<br>() | |Surakarta<br>4 April 1855<hr />Son of Mangkunegara IV | |Wonogiri<br>10 October 1896<hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara VI</big><br>Gusti Raden Mas Suyitna<br> <hr />21 November 1896<br>âÂÂ<br>11 January 1916<br>() | |Surakarta<br>1 March 1857<hr />Son of Mangkunegara IV | |Surabaya<br>25 June 1928<hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara VII</big><br>Bendara Raden Mas Surya Suprapta<br> <hr />1916<br>âÂÂ<br>19 July 1944<br>() | |Surakarta<br>12 November 1885<hr />Son of Mangkunegara V | |Surakarta<br>19 July 1944<hr />Aged |- |<big>Mangkunegara VIII</big><br>Bendara Raden Mas Surata Natasuparta<br> <hr />19 July 1944<br>âÂÂ<br>2 August 1962<br>() | |Surakarta<br>7 April 1925<hr />Son of Mangkunegara VII |