Frances Margot ('Madge') Freeman (1895âÂÂ1977) was an Australian painter of landscape and urban scenes working internationally who was known for her watercolour, and for her craft of lacquerwork and enamelware.
Born in Bendigo to Frances Maud (née Ross) and George Henry Freeman, Freeman was the older sibling of brother George 'Ross' Freeman (who served in World War I and World War II). Her father was a teacher, holding the post of Principal at Saint Andrews College and then Vice Principal at Bendigo High School. The family lived at Barkly Place (now Terrace) and their neighbours were the family of Ola Cohn.
While aged seven at Junior school in Saint AndrewâÂÂs College, Bendigo, where her father was principal in 1902, Freeman took out prizes for writing and sewing, one for sewing again in the following year and another for âÂÂChurch Instructionâ in 1906, the year in which she and Ola Cohn played castanets in a school concert.
In 1911, the Education Department issued results in which Freeman, studying under Arthur Woodward at the School of Mines, achieved an âÂÂElementary Pass for âÂÂdrawing from a flat exampleâ advancing to a Pass for âÂÂdrawing from models or objectsâ and âÂÂdrawing plant forms from nature and in 1912 and 1913 passing the exam in âÂÂdrawing an ornament from a cast in outlineâÂÂ. Other tasks which she passed were âÂÂElementary modellingâ and âÂÂmodelling ornament from the cast (1913).
Freeman was employed in July 1913 as assistant art instructor at the Bendigo High School. Meanwhile she continued study at the School of Mines, receiving a Pass in âÂÂModelling Human Figure from Castâ and an âÂÂAdvanced Grade 1 Passâ in âÂÂModelled DesignâÂÂ. She received her Secondary Certificate as a Drawing Teacher in December 1914.
In 1914, the Bendigo Independent announced her debut at the Tennis Ball with her photograph being published in the Bendigonian. For a fancy dress ball in March 1915 at Girton College, as an âÂÂold girlâ of the school, she dressed as âÂÂPowder and Patchesâ (an 18th century aristocrat) and in May that year returned for a âÂÂDickens Eveningâ dressed as Dick Swiveller. For Australia Day celebrations in Bendigo, and to raise funds for soldiers at the local camp, Freeman joined âÂÂthe Keystone Moving Picture Companyâ in a street performance, and also another fundraiser, featuring âÂÂThe Keystone Komedy Kompanyâ at BendigoâÂÂs Princess Theatre, in both of which she appeared as the silent movie dancer 'Carmencita.â FreemanâÂÂs soldier brother Ross, a signaller, was stationed in Lemnos and newspapers noted that he was the chance recipient of some of his family's war donations.
In February 1916, Freeman commenced her studies at the National Gallery of Victoria art schools under Bernard Hall, and where others from Bendigo, Clarice Beckett and her sister, and Elma Roach (from Shepparton), attended. They were reported as âÂÂworking very hardâÂÂ. They periodically returned home to Bendigo on holidays, where on one occasion Coleman hosted a student friend Joan Lindsay. Freeman appears in a 1920 snapshot, perched at centre top of a group of the students at the base of Emmanuel Fremiet's Joan of Arc statue outside the Art School (now the State Library forecourt).
Aside from her art studies, Freeman enjoyed her social life and performing; while in Melbourne she appeared at the Playhouse in a âÂÂmoving tableau of early Melbourneâ in a dress worn at Government House in the 1850s, and in 1920 was invited to the Lord Mayor of MelbourneâÂÂs ball in honour of Edward VIII, the Prince of Wales. With Roach, in July 1920, she acted with other Gallery School students in an oriental romance based on Thomas MooreâÂÂs Lalla Rookh. She was a member, with Norah Gurdon, Dora Wilson, Elma Roach, Isabel May Tweddle, Helen Ogilvie, Louis McCubbin, and Daryl Lindsay of a club for former students formed in 1916 and presided by the oldest, Peter Kirk, which held a number of reunions receiving wide publicity in the early 1920s. In June 1923, members of the club were responsible for a fancy dress ball at St Kilda Town Hall, with Freeman, who dressed as a peacock for the event, contributing the huge stencilled lanterns that lit the venue. They next held an all-night dance at St MaryâÂÂs Hall in East St Kilda on 31 August 1923.
Freeman was invited with Joan Lindsay to the CrivelliâÂÂs at Ferrars Place, Albert Park to a dance celebrating Rene CrivielliâÂÂs Legion of Honour, and in January 1923 spent time at his family's Mount Macedon property to break from sketching in the Malmsbury district where she, and probably Elma too, were taught watercolour techniques by Matthew James MacNally who was working there beside Harold Herbert.
Freeman and Elma Roach formed a close alliance and in March 1923 rented a cottage in Mooroolbark where they made paintings toward a joint exhibition that opened the following May. The reviewer Alexander Colquhoun, though gently critical of RoachâÂÂs technical shortcomings, in FreemanâÂÂs work found âÂÂmore technical grip and a better sense of values,â continuing that she showed âÂÂa creditable disinclination to rely on a pretty water-color manner and a consistent striving after true definition.â Arthur Streeton in the Argus, while acknowledging that this was their first exhibition so âÂÂrather immatureâÂÂ, agreed that âÂÂMiss Freeman reveals herself as the better craftsman [sic], and displays an interesting sense of colour to which is added free handling of pigmentâÂÂ. The show received kind attention also from The Age, whose critic made no distinction between the artistsâ capabilities and remarked that their works were âÂÂdistinctly Australian in atmosphere and subject matterâ while The Australasian merely repeated StreetonâÂÂs commentary. George Bell, writing in the Sun News-Pictorial under a heading âÂÂGums and Glimpsesâ saw promise in how:<blockquote>Madge Freeman expresses the white gum in all its poetic beauty, and is tenderly sympathetic with the atmosphere of her skies. The freedom, the clear, true palette she uses, and her forthright work throughout mark her as an artist of whom more will be heard.</blockquote>Only weeks later the pair contributed to the display and sale of arts and crafts at the Melbourne Town Hall. Their artefacts, which were reported to have âÂÂdrawn a crowdâÂÂ, included âÂÂhair combs, umbrella handles, egg cups, serviette rings, bag handles, hat pins and quaint pendants dangling on necklets of black ribbonâ all in âÂÂpolished, tinted and painted woods.â Another show of their 'Madgelma' branded lacquerware including powder boxes, card trays, fruit bowls and dress ornaments, was held in Jessie TraillâÂÂs Collins Street studio for Christmas shoppers, and was noted in Table Talk.
In 1923, numbers of former National Gallery students had left Australia to continue studying or exhibiting in Paris, London or America, including Ethel Spowers, Edith Grieve, Nancy Lyle, and Lilian Pentland, and winners of the Gallery's travelling scholarship Marion Jones, Adelaide Perry, and Laurie Honey (a.k.a. Taylor). Freeman and Roach were saving from their craft sales for their own overseas excursion which they planned for 1924, and spent the early weeks of that year bidding farewell to friends and family, then departed for London, travelling second-class on the SS Medic on 16 February that year.
In England, they settled in the Chelsea artistsâ precinct. There, they briefly attended the Slade School under the tutelage of Henry Tonks. On 23 June Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll opened an exhibit of Australian artists that included work by Freeman, that was hailed by SydneyâÂÂs The Sun newspaper critic as âÂÂHealthy Art,â having been told that the London organisers were âÂÂglad to find that Australian art continues to be healthy and vigorous, rebuffing the decadence shown by the freak schoolsâ (by which modernism was meant). Freeman encountered other Australian artists also in Paris. Her assimilation was rapid; in May 1925 she had a work accepted for the Paris Salon. The two friends shared flats in London and Paris and embarked on painting journeys across France, Italy, Spain, and North Africa. In St Ives, Cornwall, they shared a studio with Gwen Horne. During their time in Paris, Freeman and Roach met and were taught by Adolphe Milich (1884 - 1964), a French painter and teacher originally from Poland. Milich was associated with the School of Paris and specialised in oil and watercolour paintings of a wide range of subject matter. His artistic approach, heavily influenced by Paul Cézanne, had a profound impact on the Australian artists.
By October Freeman and Roach had arrived in Italy where they were painting in Venice and Choggia, The Age describing them as âÂÂgood draftsmen [sic], good colorists; both understand light, shadows and mass, and both have the strong feeling for sentiment and against sentimentality, for vitality and against pictorial incident and mere anecdoteâ with RoachâÂÂs approach being devoted to a âÂÂpoetic elementâ and FreemanâÂÂs âÂÂmore detached,â¦making her subject speak more obviously for itself.â The latter sent her Reflections, Choggia for the first exhibition of the year at the New Gallery, 107 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne. Freeman returned to France in early 1926, where she endured a freezing winter. In October Table Talk drew attention to FreemanâÂÂs Bendigo origins in announcing an exhibition at Bendigo Art Gallery that included Marion Jones and other âÂÂex-Bendigonians who have made a name for themselves In the old worldâÂÂ.
Late in 1926 Freeman, then aged 31, met and married in Kensington mining engineer Lanfear Thompson from Western Australia a government contractor due to work in Africa. Freeman had met Thompson as a child. After a honeymoon motor tour of rural England they initially settled in Obuasi, West Africa (Ghana), and despite The Bulletin report that she had 'evidently abandoned ideas of an art career', she resumed her painting when they visited Kumasi, Ashanti as guests of Justice and Mrs. McDowell, where she found the landscape reminiscent of Australia. before staying in Western Australia, and visiting Bendigo in December 1926. She travelled to Belgium and London in August 1927 with Ruth Howell. After working as manager of the Bibiani gold mine, Freeman's husband died of malaria aged 37 in a London nursing home on 25 March 1929.
Back in Melbourne in 1930, Freeman shared a studio with Margaret McLean in Collins Streetàand continued exhibiting, showing her watercolours of European scenes alongside RoachâÂÂs at the Athenaeum Gallery, to a favourable review by Harold Herbert, before holding a one-person show at the Karrakatta Club Hall, Perth, where she stayed with LanfearâÂÂs brother Dr Ashburton Thompson, then announced her intention to return to London for further studies. In November that year she was in Paris studying with André Lhote, and staying with Elma Roach and Helen Stewart in a large flat with an attached studio amongst seven other studios. Roach, a frequent correspondent to newspapers, wrote to The Herald to describe how those who, like them, studying art in Paris were: âÂÂprogressing and getting away from the 'Victorianism' which has been such an enemy to Art [â¦] The modern art is wonderfully interesting, and men such as Van Gogh, Cezanne, Pissarro, Matisse, etc., are very much appreciatedâ it is wonderful being able to see their works.âÂÂ
The pair returned to Cheyne Walk, Chelsea in February 1932, where they had befriended theatre director Molly Ick (W. R. Campbell) whose farewell Freeman hosted in June. Freeman herself left the city for Málaga, Spain to walk through and paint picturesque villages, to Ronda, during 1933, where she was soon joined by Roach. They returned to Paris and Milich's studio in early 1934.
Over 10âÂÂ21 July 1934 Freeman, having sent work from overseas, held an exhibition at Sedon Galleries at 340 Little Collins Street which drew wide attention. The catalogue is divided into sections 'England', 'France', 'Italy', Spain', and Gold Coast' (Africa), and prices ranged from fifteen guineas (worth A$1,551.60 in 2024) for the most expensive, to four for the cheapest (A$413.80 in 2024). In their reviews Blamire Young and Arthur Streeton felt compelled to give her advice coloured by their perception of her as purely a water-colourist. Young (who specialised in that medium himself) offered that the while the watercolours were fresh, the oils lacked attention to texture. Streeton was condescending, hinting that she was proficient but a merely aspiring artist who âÂÂwith increased and long study [â¦] will give a more complete and more varied technical expression in her works.â Alexander Colquhoun, in The Age, while appreciating more enthusiastically a number of her works in both mediums, found that Freeman is âÂÂmore at home in the lighter medium,â and of her later works made in Spain, remarks that âÂÂthere is apparent what seems to be an undecided movement in the direction of modernism which misses alike the objective of the true modernist and that of the realist.â He concludes that her difficulty lies with âÂÂrepresenting the various features of the picture in their true space relationship to each other.â Even Harold Herbert, FreemanâÂÂs companion in Malmsbury where both painted with MacNally to whose influence on her watercolours he refers, felt compelled in his review in The Australasian, to offer that she should heed StreetonâÂÂs thick, sure treatment of highlights and shadows as an exemplar, though concluding that:<blockquote>Miss Freeman has developed a style of her own. As a whole the exhibition has much to commend it; the work is serious - too serious perhaps, lacking the verve and spontaneity that seem in separable from continental impressions of this kind. "Slap-dash, hit-or-mlss" tactics would be well worth while trying.</blockquote>In July 1935, while resident in studios in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, and just prior to her painting expedition to the South of France, FreemanâÂÂs work in the Salon des Tuileries was received favourably by the Paris newspapers. In 1936 when Bendigo Art Gallery purchased Freeman's work 'Still Life' it was the first time the Gallery had purchased a work of an artist born in Bendigo.
On 15 October 1935, Freeman arrived in Perth on the SS Orsova to stay with her former husbandâÂÂs family, preceded by Roach who was planning to exhibit with her in Melbourne, for which city Madge departed on 5 November on the Strathnaver, with the intention of later returning to Europe. In an interview with the West Australian she allied herself to modernism: 'there is a decided swing away from the 'extraordinary,' while there is still no tendency to return to photographic art.âÂÂ
The Perth Daily News, November 1935, also recorded Freeman's comments about working in Europe where over five years she had traveled and painted in England, Spain, Italy, Holland, and Belgium, and in Paris had been studying under Milich over 1934 and 1935. Of French artists she said they 'have a soul in their paintings, and a lot of effect is gained by the fact that they do not stress detail, but concentrate on the general impression of their subject.â She found the south of Spain âÂÂuncivilisedâ and she and her companions found it impossible to paint without police guarding them from hostile crowds of 'peasants.âÂÂ
By November Freeman was in Melbourne preparing to hold a show there, and in The Argus she opined that realism was gaining ground over the âÂÂdistortionsâ of modernism. In her home town a committee of the Bendigo Art Gallery met in February 1936 to consider the purchase of one of FreemanâÂÂs works, ultimately deciding on a still life displayed in the Paris Salon which had been reviewed in the journal Beaux Arts. It was an acquisition The HeraldâÂÂs art critic Basil Burdett described as âÂÂBendigo's sole excursion into anything like modernity and a very creditable one, too.â In a review of a 1940 exhibition of the Independent Group he singled out Freeman's 'Keilor Church' saying that there was 'nothing better' in the exhibition than this work, and noting that it was 'a more formal expression of Australian landscape than we are used to but one which sacrifices nothing of characteristic light and colour.'
In August that year Freeman gathered friends Pegg Clarke, Dora Wilson, Lillian White, Nell Patterson, Ola Cohn, Esther Paterson, Elma Roach, Nancy Grant, Norah Gurdon, Edith, wife of George Bell and Harriet, wife of the recently deceased Bernard Hall, Dora Serle, and several Gallery School students, in her new studio and accommodation in a former stable and loft, dubbed âÂÂMadgeâÂÂs MewsâÂÂ, in Gipps Street, East Melbourne, set poetically in The Bulletin as 'an example of what transformations upon a disused stable can be effected by paint and varnish, gay cushions, crochet rag rugs on the floor and the afternoon sun pouring through the windows.' She was reported as considering exhibiting the Spanish paintings for their topicality given the ongoing Civil War in that country.
On 30 July 1937 in Bendigo FreemanâÂÂs father died, and from 1938-1939 Madge returned to live with her 67-year-old mother at her old home in Barkly Place, Bendigo, where she held classes in her studio, with some of the students being children. Over the summer of 1937âÂÂ38 she made paintings of the mines in Bendigo, intrigued by their âÂÂwonderful color, with golden colored earth contrasting with grey at the poppet head, and marvellous lights in the early morning and late afternoon.â They were works Freeman hung at the 1938 Victorian Artistsâ Society Autumn Exhibition, where they were favourably reviewed by George Bell and Basil Burdett who in a survey, 'Modern Art in Melbourne', places Freeman and Elma Roach among artists 'who have brought back with them from Paris [an] aspect of contemporary European painting unfamiliar to Australian eyes.' Bell and Freeman subsequently struck up a friendship. Reproductions of her works, a still life and a view of a Bendigo mine appeared, with two by Roach, in that same issue of Art in Australia between those of Murray Griffin and Rupert Bunny. Later that year Roach moved from her Collins street studio into one next door to Freeman's stables in Gipps Street. Into the loft of the latter Danila Vassilieff temporarily moved his studio before building 'Stonygrad' in Warrandyte.
Basil Burdett continued to favour Freeman in his 1938 reviews; of the Victorian Artistsâ Society spring exhibition, in which he rated her as one of the âÂÂprogressivesâÂÂ; and he mentions her first in discussing the Society of Women Painters (previously named the Women's Art Club), writing that âÂÂindividual standards are well maintained in most cases, [and] occasionally excelled, as in the case of Madge Freeman. Her "By the Wharf" (No. 32) is a first-rate sketch, swift and sure, freeiy painted and good in color.â The conservative Harold Herbert however was dismissive of her Sanary as aâ half-baked attempt at a "modern" means of expression.
In 1939, Freeman contributed work to the Bush Fire Fund art union. With the donations of 129 works by artists displayed at the Athenaeum in February, ã770 was raised. In March she was elected president of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters, and presented on 4 May a talk on âÂÂThe Customs of the natives of the Gold Coast of West Africaâ at a meeting of the society at the Victoria League, at which event the members formed a Red Cross group to assist its work during WW2, and in October 1939 joined other artist societies in an entertainments committee of the Lord Mayors Red Cross War Appeal Fund, with a proposal for a fundraising pageant, and an early outcome was a bazaar selling work of women artists in a shop in the Block Arcade, Melbourne. The combined artist subcommittee of the Red Cross Appeal in March 1940 assisted in selling 30,000 âÂÂlucky envelopes,â all of which contained some prize, âÂÂbig or smallâÂÂ. Freeman, in another effort, invited members of the public to assist, each paying 6d for a dab of paint, in finishing a painting she had begun.
In June 1939, Freeman joined the Independent Group for its support of individuals without allegiance to a specific school, though most, like her, were post-impressionists and early modernists, and together showed their paintings annually.
In the midst of mobilisation for WW2, and as a welcome distraction from the hostilities, came Basil BurdettâÂÂs controversial 1939 Herald Exhibition of French and British Contemporary Art in the Melbourne Town Hall. Madge Freeman joined George Bell, Arnold Shore, William Frater, Norman MacGeorge, Ola Cohn and John Reed in delivering lectures on its artists and their works to the public, presentations which continued even after the removal of the show to Sydney. Freeman was one of a number of artists who promoted the value of the exhibition, for its provocative interpretations of life.
FreemanâÂÂs work appeared in the inaugural Contemporary Art Society exhibition in Melbourne in 1939 with Dora Serle, Norman Macgeorge, Sybil Craig, Mary Finnin, Isabel Tweddle, Eric Thake, and Alan Sumner.
In the 1940s, Freeman associated with Lina Bryans and her Darebin Bridge House ('Pink Hotel') group of the conservative modernist members of the Contemporary Art Society; Norman Macgeorge, Clive Stephen, Isobel Tweddle and Rupert Bunny and old friends including Sybil Craig, Guelda Pyke, Elma Roach, and Ola Cohn who circulated amongst the Meanjin literary and intellectual set.
In 1940 Freeman married Basil Davies, a Gippsland farmer, and settled with him at his property Koongarra at Longwarry, but kept a studio in her grandfather's house at South Yarra. She exhibited with the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors in their annual exhibitions until 1971, and held a solo show at Georges Gallery in May 1951 from which the Bendigo Gallery purchased the Flower Study and the National Gallery of Victoria a watercolour, Road to Heyfield. The show was reviewed by the unnamed Age newspaper art critic who opined that âÂÂa theory is necessary to the production of artâ and that though FreemanâÂÂs formula was attached to design: <blockquote>Freeman does not [â¦] follow a straight path; she is apparently wavering between description and a realm In which symbols are important. Although this feeling of unsureness permeates the entire display, it Is not evident in individual compositions. Her calm, clean style has ensured a fairly even standard of achievement in all branches.</blockquote>The couple travelled overseas during 1952 and 1953 visiting European galleries and stud farms. On her return the Lyceum Club, where for fifteen years she was convenor of their Art Circle, showed a retrospective of her work. She and Basil moved to Lower Plenty where Madge resumed painting en plein air.
MadgeâÂÂs increasing poor health caused their move in 1960 to Ivanhoe where in the early 1970s she was placed in residential care, where she died in February 1977.
In 1979, Basil Davies' estate established a Madge Freeman prize to be administered by the Bendigo Art Gallery which in 1981 staged a retrospective exhibition of Madge FreemanâÂÂs work.