Bel-á¹£arbi or à  ar-á¹£arbati (Akkadian: "lord of the poplar") was a Mesopotamian god associated with poplars. He was also known under the Sumerian name Lugal-asal. He frequently appears in enumerations of deities associated with the underworld who formed the entourage of Nergal, and in some cases could be equated with him. A possible feminine counterpart, NIN-á¹£ar-BE, is known from neo-Assyrian sources, and is sometimes identified with earlier Ià ¡tar-á¹£arbatum from Ebla in modern scholarship.
The name BÃÂl-á¹£arbi means "lord of the poplar" (the tree meant is assumed to be Populus euphratica) in Akkadian. In Sumerian it was rendered as Lugal-asal. The names are used interchangeably in scholarship. The second element can be interpreted as a nisba, since it can be written with the determinative of a place name (á¹£ar-bi<sup>ki</sup>). Possibly a name of an area associated with the god, perhaps a grove, was derived from the trees. It is assumed two separate places bearing the name á¹¢arbat existed. The southern á¹¢arbat or á¹¢arbatum was located near Babylon, Dilbat and Sippar, while the northern á¹¢arbat most likely in the proximity of the Sinjar Mountains (known as Saggar in antiquity). à  ar-á¹£arbati could also be associated with the Euphrates, as attested in à  urpu. Similarly, a lipà ¡ur litany describes him as a god who "travels on the Tigris and the Euphrates."
BÃÂl-á¹£arbi could also function as one of the gods connected with underworld.
According to an esoteric text assigning various objects and substances to deities, Lugal-asal corresponded to a muà ¡à ¡aru stone. It is assumed that this term refers to a red agate.
BÃÂl-á¹£arbi was the city god of Baz (Baá¹£). In Neo-Assyrian sources it was called à  apazzu. This settlement was located near Dilbat. A temple dedicated to à  ar-á¹£arbati, E-durgina (Sumerian: "house, established abode") existed in it. Its name has also been rendered as E-tuà ¡gina. It was rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II. An association between Baz and the Bazi dynasty of Babylon has been proposed, but it has been argued that its name instead corresponds to a location near the juncture of the Diyala and Tigris rivers, associated with the Kassite clan Bët-Bazi. It is possible that both names are derived from the Akkadian word baṣṣu, "sandbank," and that originally multiple settlements bearing this name existed, even though only one is present in sources from the first millennium BCE.
The gods of Baz were carried off to Assyria during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III. A relief from Kalhu dated to this period shows Assyrian soldiers carrying away the figure of a god holding an unidentified object. It has been suggested that it might be BÃÂl-á¹£arbi, and that an eagle emblem present on the same relief also belonged to him. A further Assyrian source mentioning BÃÂl-á¹£arbi is a text from the reign of Ashurbanipal which mentions that "Lugal-asal of à  apazzu" was among the deities who accompanied him during his campaign against Elam, which most likely took place in the year 653 BCE. The other gods mentioned are Ashur, Marduk, Nabu, Anu rabu (Ià ¡taran) and Shamash.
In the Old Babylonian period BÃÂl-á¹£arbi was associated with Ḫiritum and Iabuà ¡um. An inscription of Samsu-iluna which mentions various forts he built for specific deities lists Iabuà ¡um in association with BÃÂl-á¹£arbi. The king describes him as a god "who magnifies my royal name."
Multiple god lists mention Lugal-asal, including An = Anum and its forerunner, as well as the Nippur god list and the Weidner god list.
On a kudurru (boundary stone) of Marduk-apla-iddina I (the "land grant to Munnabittu kudurru") à  ar-á¹£arbati appears as a member of a group of underworld deities: Nergal, his wife Laá¹£, à  ubula, the pair Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea and Mammitum. In à  urpu he appears alongside Nergal, Ishum and à  ubula. Under the name Lugal-asal he could be outright identified with Nergal, similar to a number of other gods associated with trees: Lugal-già ¡immar ("lord of the date palm"), Lugal-zulumma ("lord of the dates;" sometimes erroneously listed as a name of Dumuzi in secondary literature) and Lugal-à ¡inig ("lord of the tamarisk;" he could also be identified with Ninurta).
The name of the goddess NIN-á¹£ar-BE, "lady of the poplar," was the female counterpart of BÃÂl-á¹£arbi. It is possible her name should be read as BÃÂlet-á¹£arbe or BÃÂlet-á¹£arbat. She was a part of the state pantheon of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and appears in the TÃÂkultu text. It has been proposed that she can be identified with the goddess INANNA-á¹£arbat, though this remains uncertain and some researchers, for example Martin Stol, consider Assyrian NIN-á¹£ar-BE and the western goddess to be two separate deities. The latter was worshiped in Ebla and in pre-Sargonic Mari already, and appears in later documents from Emar as well. It has been suggested that her presence in Ebla was the result of political and commercial ties with Mari. The name is interpreted as Ià ¡tar-á¹£arbatum in translations of texts from Ebla, while the spelling from Emar is Aà ¡tar-á¹£arba. She has been characterized as a goddess of the middle Euphrates area, but it is unclear if her cult center was the northern settlement á¹¢arbat.