Lüdecke v. Watkins, , was a 1948 United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Alien Enemies Act precluded judicial review of executive orders to remove foreign nationals from the United States during wartime. The case began in 1946, when the Attorney General invoked the Alien Enemies Act to issue an order for the removal of German national and outspoken Nazi Kurt Lüdecke. Though by that time the hostilities of World War II had ended and the Germans had surrendered, the Court nevertheless held the state of "declared war" needed for the Alien Enemy Act to be invoked still existed, and so the government was permitted to enforce its order to remove Lüdecke. Justice Felix Frankfurter authored the majority opinion, and two justicesâÂÂHugo Black and William O. DouglasâÂÂauthored dissenting opinions. This case is significant in part because it is the only Supreme Court case analyzing the Alien Enemies Act.