The Kazakhs, as part of the Kazakh Khanate, the Qing dynasty, the Russian Empire, the Alash Autonomy, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, the East Turkestan Republics, Mongolia, and the present day state of Kazakhstan, have fought many wars, both inside and outside their borders. Legends of results:
Kazakh Khanate was established by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan in 1465. Both khans came from Turco-Mongol clan of which traces its lineage to Genghis Khan through dynasty of Jochids. The Tore clan continued to rule the khanate until its fall to the Russian Empire.
From 16th to 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate ruled and expanded its territories to eastern Cumania (modern-day West Kazakhstan), to most of Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan and the Syr Darya river with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and Khorasan Province, which are now in Russia and Iran, respectively. The Khanate was later weakened by a series of Oirat, Dzungar and, especially, the Chinese (Manchu) invasions. These resulted in a decline and further disintegration into three Jüzes, which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding Russian Empire in the 19th century.
Kazakhs, tired of almost a century of Russian colonization, started to rise up. In the 1870sâÂÂ80s, schools in Kazakhstan massively started to open, which developed elite, future Kazakh members of the Alash party. In 1916, after conscription of Muslims into the military for service in the Eastern Front during World War I, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs rose up against the Russian government, with uprisings until February 1917.
The state was proclaimed during the Second All-Kazakh Congress held at Orenburg from 5âÂÂ13 December 1917 OS (18âÂÂ26 NS), with a provisional government being established under the oversight of Alikhan Bukeikhanov. However, the nation's purported territory was still under the de facto control of the region's Russian-appointed governor, Vassily Balabanov, until 1919. In 1920, he fled the Russian Red Army for self-imposed exile in China, where he was recognised by the Chinese as Kazakhstan's legitimate ruler.
Following its proclamation in December 1917, Alash leaders established the Alash Orda, a Kazakh government which was aligned with the White Army and fought against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. In 1919, when the White forces were losing, the Alash Autonomous government began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. By 1920, the Bolsheviks had defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan. On 17 August 1920, the Soviet government established the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, which in 1925 changed its name to Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, and finally to Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.
During most of the 20th century Kazakhstan was a Soviet Republic within USSR, participating in the wars USSR took a part in.
Despite the peaceful integration of Alash-Orda into the USSR, Kazakh people also participated in series of revolts against Soviet rule, the main wave of uprising had been caused by collectivisation and Asharshylyk:
Following the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Republic of China was proclaimed. Initially, the Chinese state attempted to provide a peaceful management, but repressive policies, the warlord chaos, Soviet intervention, and the increasing number of Han and Hui migration pushed Kazakhs to war against the Chinese state, aligning their goal with the Kyrgyz and the larger Uyghurs and Uzbeks for an independent East Turkestan:
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991.