List of philosophers born in the 19th century

Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

:Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

A

• Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905)
• Robert Adamson, (1852–1902)
• Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897)
• Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963)
• Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860)
• Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938)
• B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956)
• Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881)
• John Anderson, (1893–1962)
• Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)
• Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975)
• Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950)
• Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896)

B

• Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962)
• Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968)
• Alexander Bain, (1818–1903)
• Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
• Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876)
• James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934)
• Karl Barth, (1886–1968)
• Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805–1895)
• Georges Bataille, (1897–1962)
• Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882)
• David Baumgardt, (1890–1963)
• Oskar Becker, (1889–1964)
• Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848)
• Gustave Belot, (1859–1929)
• Julien Benda, (1867–1956)
• Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940)
• Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948)
• Henri Bergson, (1859–1941)
• Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932)
• Nathan Birnbaum, (1864–1937)
• Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987)
• Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977)
• Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949)
• Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832–1919)
• Hermann Blumenau, (1819–1899)
• George Boas, (1891–1980)
• Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928)
• Niels Bohr, (1885–1962)
• Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906)
• John Elof Boodin, (1869–1950)
• George Boole, (1815–1864)*
• Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923)
• Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921)
• Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978)
• Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910)
• F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924)
• Franz Brentano, (1838–1917)
• Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961)
• Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953)
• C. D. Broad, (1887–1971)
• Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966)
• Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876)
• Constantin Brunner, (1862–1937)
• Emil Brunner, (1889–1966)
• Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)
• James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922)
• Martin Buber, (1878–1965)
• Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899)
• Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944)
• Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976)
• Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897)
• Samuel Butler, (1835–1902)

C

• Cai Yuanpei, (1868–1940)
• Edward Caird, (1835–1908)
• Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863–1930)
• Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949)
• Georg Cantor, (1845–1918)
• Pantaleo Carabellese, (1877–1948)
• Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)*
• Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898)
• Paul Carus, (1852–1919)
• Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945)
• Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869)
• Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868–1951)
• Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889)
• Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990)
• Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)
• August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894)
• William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879)
• Chapman Cohen, (1868–1954)
• Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)*
• R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943)
• Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838–1901)
• John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915)
• Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877–1947)
• Hans Cornelius, (1863–1947)
• Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877)
• Louis Couturat, (1868–1914)
• James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)
• Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952)
• Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889–1981)
• Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873)

D

• Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885)
• Charles Darwin, (1809–1882)
• Augustus De Morgan, (1806–1871)
• Francesco de Sanctis, (1817–1883)
• Richard Dedekind, (1831–1916)
• Galvano Della Volpe, (1895–1968)
• Paul Deussen, (1845–1919)
• John Dewey, (1859–1952)
• Albert Venn Dicey, (1835–1922)
• Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833–1911)
• Hugo Dingler, (1881–1954)
• Juan Donoso Cortés (1809–1853)
• Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894–1977)
• Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821–1881)
• Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, (1867–1941)
• Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818–1896)
• Curt Ducasse, (1881–1969)
• Pierre Duhem, (1861–1916)
• Eugen Dühring, (1833–1921)
• Émile Durkheim, (1858–1917)
• Manilal Dwivedi, (1858–1898)

E

• Julius Ebbinghaus, (1885–1981)
• Arthur Eddington, (1882–1944)
• Mary Baker Eddy, (1821–1910)
• Christian von Ehrenfels, (1856–1932)
• Albert Einstein, (1879–1955)
• George Eliot, (1819–1880)
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, (1803–1882)
• Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
• Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (1846–1926)
• Julius Evola, (1898–1974)

F

• Thome H. Fang, (1899–1976)
• Gustav Fechner, (1801–1887)
• Feng Youlan, (1895–1990)
• Ernest Fenollosa, (1853–1908)
• Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812–1876)
• James Frederick Ferrier, (1808–1864)
• Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804–1872)
• Kuno Fischer, (1824–1907)
• John Fiske, (1842–1901)
• Franciszek Fiszer, (1860–1937)
• Robert Flint, (1838–1910)
• Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882–1937)
• Georges Florovsky, (1893–1979)
• Jerome Frank, (1889–1957)
• Philipp Frank, (1884–1966)
• Semën Liudvigovich Frank (1877–1950)
• Gottlob Frege, (1848–1925)
• Sigmund Freud, (1856–1939)
• Hans Freyer, (1887–1969)
• Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov, (1829–1903)

G

• Mahatma Gandhi, (1869–1948)
• Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887–1964)
• Nārāyana Guru, (1856–1928)
• Giovanni Gentile, (1875–1944)
• Otto von Gierke, (1841–1921)
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860–1935)
• Étienne Gilson, (1884–1978)
• Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856–1927)
• Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801–1852)
• Arthur de Gobineau, (1816–1882)
• Henry George, (1839–1897)
• Antonio Gramsci, (1891–1937)
• Thomas Hill Green, (1836–1882)
• Kurt Grelling, (1886–1942)
• John Grote, (1813–1866)
• D. V. Gundappa, (1889–1975)
• G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872–1949)
• Edmund Gurney, (1847–1888)

H

• Paul Häberlin, (1878–1960)
• Ernst Haeckel, (1834–1919)
• Axel Hägerström, (1868–1939)
• Béla Hamvas, (1897–1968)
• Eduard Hanslick, (1825–1904)
• Friedrich Harms, (1819–1880)
• William Torrey Harris, (1835–1909)
• Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842–1906)
• Nicolai Hartmann, (1882–1950)*
• Charles Hartshorne, (1897–2000)
• Friedrich Hayek, (1899–1992)
• Rudolf Haym, (1821–1901)
• Martin Heidegger, (1889–1976)*
• Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894)
• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857–1894)
• Alexander Herzen, (1812–1870)
• Moses Hess, (1812–1875)
• Sergei Hessen, (1887–1950)
• David Hilbert, (1862–1943)
• Dietrich von Hildebrand, (1889–1977)
• Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864–1929)
• William Ernest Hocking, (1873–1966)
• Shadworth Hodgson, (1832–1912)
• Eric Hoffer, (1898–1983)
• Harald Høffding, (1843–1931)
• Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879–1918)
• Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., (1841–1935)
• Max Horkheimer, (1895–1973)
• Hsiung Shih-li, (1885–1968)
• Hu Shih, (1891–1962)
• Elbert Hubbard, (1856–1915)
• Edmund Husserl, (1859–1938)
• Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825–1895)

I

• Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883–1954)
• Roman Ingarden, (1893–1970)
• William Ralph Inge, (1860–1954)
• Muhammad Iqbal, (1877–1938)

J

• Henry James Sr., (1811–1882)
• William James, (1842–1910)
• Alfred Jarry, (1873–1907)
• Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969)*
• William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882)*
• Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892)
• Krishnamurti Jiddu, (1895–1986)
• C.E.M. Joad, (1891–1953)
• William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931)
• Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969)
• Carl Jung, (1875–1961)
• Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998)

K

• Kang Youwei, (1858–1927)
• Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983)
• Michael Ivanovich Karinski (1840–1917)
• Karl Kautsky, (1854–1938)
• Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
• Hans Kelsen, (1881–1973)
• Norman Kemp Smith, (1872–1958)
• John Maynard Keynes, (1883–1946)
• Hermann von Keyserling, (1880–1946)
• Aleksey Khomyakov, (1804–1860)
• Søren Kierkegaard, (1813–1855)
• Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
• Wolfgang Köhler, (1887–1967)
• Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949)
• Alejandro Korn, (1860–1936)
• Tadeusz Kotarbiński, (1886–1981)
• Alexandre Koyre, (1892–1964)
• Karl Kraus, (1874–1936)
• Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895–1986)
• Leopold Kronecker, (1823–1891)
• Richard Kroner, (1884–1974)
• Peter Kropotkin, (1842–1921)
• Kuki ShÅ«zō, (1888–1941)

L

• Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904)
• Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918)
• Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903)
• Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875)
• Susanne Langer, (1895–1985)
• Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864)
• Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900)
• Moritz Lazarus, (1824–1903)
• Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954)
• Adrian LeMors, (1893–1956)
• Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924)
• Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891)
• Jules Lequier, (1814–1862)
• Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939)
• Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939)
• George Henry Lewes, (1817–1878)
• Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947)
• Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964)*
• C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963)
• John Lewis, (1889–1976)
• Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929)
• Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988)
• Karol Libelt, (1807–1875)
• Israel Lipkin, (1810–1883)*
• Émile Littré, (1801–1881)
• Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969)
• Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962)
• Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886–1954)
• Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940)
• Jakob Lorber, (1800–1864)
• Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988)
• Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965)
• Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881)
• Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962)
• Georg Lukács, (1885–1971)
• Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956)
• Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919)

M

• Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
• Ernst Mach, (1838–1916)
• John Macmurray, (1891–1976)
• Philipp Mainländer, (1841–1876)
• Ernst Mally, (1879–1944)
• Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947)
• Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871)
• Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976)
• Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973)
• Herbert Marcuse, (1898–1979)
• Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973)
• Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876)
• James Martineau, (1805–1900)
• Karl Marx, (1818–1883)
• Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1850–1937)
• Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923)
• James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879)12
• James McCosh, (1811–1894)
• William McDougall, (1871–1938)
• John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925)
• George Herbert Mead, (1863–1931)
• Georg Mehlis, (born 19th century)
• Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954)
• Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920)*
• Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884)
• Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, (1856–1912)
• Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926)
• Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887–1985)
• Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933)
• Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887–1910)
• Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904)
• Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945)
• John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873)
• Ludwig von Mises, (1881–1973)
• William Mitchell, (1861–1962)
• Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887–1953)
• W. H. S. Monck (1839–1915)
• Maria Montessori (1870–1952)
• Addison Webster Moore, (1866–1930)
• G. E. Moore, (1873–1958)
• Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941)
• John Henry Muirhead, (1855–1940)
• Max Müller, (1823–1900)

N

• Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924)
• John Neihardt, (1881–1973)
• Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927)
• Otto Neurath, (1882–1945)
• John Henry Newman, (1801–1890)
• H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962)
• Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971)
• Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900)
• Nishi Amane, (1829–1897)
• Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945)
• Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888–1969)
• Anders Nygren, (1890–1978)

O

• Georges Ohsawa, (1893–1966)
• Karl Olivecrona, (1897–1980)
• John Wood Oman, (1860–1939)
• José Ortega y Gasset, (1883–1955)
• Rudolf Otto, (1869–1937)
• P. D. Ouspensky, (1878–1947)

P

• Vilfredo Pareto, (1848–1923)
• Giuseppe Peano, (1858–1932)
• Benjamin Peirce, (1809–1880)
• Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839–1914)
• Ralph Barton Perry, (1876–1957)
• Leon Petrazycki, (1867–1931)
• Branislav Petronijević, (1875–1954)
• Jean Piaget, (1896–1980)
• Max Planck, (1858–1947)
• Georgi Plekhanov, (1856–1918)
• Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827–1907)
• Henri Poincaré, (1854–1912)
• Michael Polanyi, (1891–1976)
• Emil Leon Post, (1897–1954)
• Roscoe Pound, (1870–1964)
• Karl von Prantl, (1820–1888)
• Henry Habberley Price, (1899–1984)
• Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871–1947)
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809–1865)

Q

R

• Gustav Radbruch, (1878–1949)
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888–1975)
• Hastings Rashdall, (1858–1924)
• Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813–1900)
• Paul Rée, (1849–1901)
• Wilhelm Reich, (1897–1957)
• Hans Reichenbach, (1891–1953)
• Adolf Reinach, (1883–1917)
• Karl Renner, (1870–1950)
• Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815–1903)
• I. A. Richards, (1893–1979)
• Heinrich Rickert, (1863–1936)*
• Bernhard Riemann, (1826–1866)
• George Croom Robertson, (1842–1892)
• Erwin Rohde, (1845–1898)
• Francisco Romero, (1891–1962)
• Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805–1879)
• Franz Rosenzweig, (1886–1929)
• Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899–1979)
• William David Ross, (1877–1971)
• Josiah Royce, (1855–1916)
• Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919)
• Arnold Ruge, (1802–1880)
• Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970)

S

• Émile Saisset, (1814–1863)
• George Santayana, (1863–1952)
• Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857–1913)
• Max Scheler, (1874–1928)
• F. C. S. Schiller, (1864–1937)
• Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936)
• Carl Schmitt, (1888–1985)
• Erwin Schrödinger, (1887–1961)
• Joseph Schumpeter, (1883–1950)
• Alfred Schütz, (1899–1959)
• Albert Schweizer, (1875–1965)
• Charles Secrétan, (1815–1895)
• Roy Wood Sellars, (1880–1973)
• Lev Shestov, (1866–1938)
• Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879–1937)
• Henry Sidgwick, (1838–1900)
• Georg Simmel, (1858–1918)
• Thoralf Skolem, (1887–1963)
• Vladimir Solovyov, (1853–1900)
• Georges Sorel, (1847–1922)
• William Ritchie Sorley, (1855–1935)
• Othmar Spann, (1878–1950)
• Herbert Spencer, (1820–1903)
• Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823–1887)
• Oswald Spengler, (1880–1936)
• Afrikan Spir, (1837–1890)
• Lysander Spooner, (1808–1887)
• Walter Terence Stace, (1886–1967)
• Henry Stanton, (1805–1887)
• Olaf Stapledon, (1886–1950)
• L. Susan Stebbing, (1885–1943)
• Edith Stein, (1891–1942)
• Rudolf Steiner, (1861–1925)
• Leslie Stephen, (1832–1904)
• James Hutchison Stirling, (1820–1909)
• Max Stirner, (1806–1856)
• George Frederick Stout, (1860–1944)
• David Friedrich Strauss, (1808–1874)
• Leo Strauss, (1899–1973)
• Carl Stumpf, (1848–1936)
• James Sully, (1842–1923)
• Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925)

T

• Debendranath Tagore, (1817–1905)
• Rabindranath Tagore, (1861–1941)
• Hippolyte Taine, (1828–1893)
• T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864–1898)
• Tanabe Hajime, (1885–1962)
• Władysław Tatarkiewicz, (1886–1980)
• Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807–1858)
• Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881–1955)
• William Temple, (1881–1944)
• Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866–1957)
• Henry David Thoreau, (1817–1862)
• Paul Tillich, (1886–1965)
• Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805–1859)
• Leo Tolstoy, (1828–1910)
• Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, (1802–1872)
• Ernst Troeltsch, (1865–1923)
• Leon Trotsky, (1879–1940)
• Benjamin Tucker, (1854–1939)
• Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866–1938)

U

• Pietro Ubaldi, (1886–1972)
• Hermann Ulrici, (1806–1884)
• Miguel de Unamuno, (1864–1936)
• Dimitri Uznadze, (1886–1950)

V

• Hans Vaihinger, (1852–1933)
• John Veitch, (1829–1894)
• John Venn, (1834–1923)
• Milan Vidmar, (1885–1962)
• Lev Vygotsky, (1896–1934)
• Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877–1954)

W

• Jean Wahl, (1888–1974)
• Friedrich Waismann, (1896–1959)
• Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823–1913)
• James Ward, (1843–1925)
• John B. Watson, (1878–1958)
• Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889–1960)
• Max Weber, (1864–1920)*
• Otto Weininger, (1880–1903)
• Christian Hermann Weisse, (1801–1866)
• Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837–1912)
• Felix Weltsch, (1884–1964)
• Edvard Westermarck, (1862–1939)
• Hermann Weyl, (1885–1955)
• Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879–1951)
• Alfred North Whitehead, (1861–1947)
• Wilhelm Windelband, (1848–1915)*
• Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885–1939)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889–1951)
• Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui), (1865–1953)
• Chauncey Wright, (1830–1875)
• Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894–1976)
• Wilhelm Wundt, (1832–1920)*

X

Y

Z

• Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899–1990)
• Eduard Zeller, (1814–1908)
• Ernst Zermelo, (1871–1953)
• Zhang Dongsun, (1886–1973)
• Florian Znaniecki, (1882–1958)
• Xavier Zubiri, (1889–1983)

See also

• Lists of philosophers
• 19th-century philosophy
• List of philosophers born in the centuries BC
• List of philosophers born in the 1st through 10th centuries
• List of philosophers born in the 11th through 14th centuries
• List of philosophers born in the 15th and 16th centuries
• List of philosophers born in the 17th century
• List of philosophers born in the 18th century
• List of philosophers born in the 20th century

Notes