This is a list of papal relatives created cardinal by a pope other than their relative. These creates are similar to cardinal-nephews but this list does not include cardinals included in the list of cardinal-nephews.
List
Notes
References
- Thomson, John A.F. 1980. Popes and Princes, 1417-1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. .
- Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. .
- J. M. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, Berlin 1912
- R. Hüls, Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049-1130, Tübingen 1977
- H.W. Klewitz, Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957
- B. Zenker, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159, Würzburg 1964
- K. Ganzer, Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater, Tübingen 1963
- W. Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Vienna 1984
- K. Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-IX, Münster 1913
- I.S. Robinson, The Papacy 1073-1198. Continuity and Innovation, Cambridge University Press 1990
- A. Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, 2 vols. Padova 1972