List of hallucinogens

This is a list of hallucinogens, or psychoactive drugs that produce majorly altered states of consciousness.

Psychedelics

Psychdedelics, also known as serotonergic psychedelics or classical hallucinogens, are serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists and include the following:

• Tryptamines such as psilocybin, psilocin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, and α-methyltryptamine (AMT)
• Phenethylamines such as mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 25I-NBOMe, and MDA
• Lysergamides such as LSD, ergine (LSA), ALD-52 (1A-LSD), ETH-LAD, and LSZ
• Others such as efavirenz, IHCH-7113, mefloquine (possibly), MK-212, quipazine, and RH-34

Dissociatives

Dissociatives, also known as dissociative hallucinogens or dissociative anesthetics, are NMDA receptor antagonists and include the following:

• Arylcyclohexylamines such as ketamine (K), phencyclidine (PCP), methoxetamine (MXE), and tiletamine
• Morphinans such as dextromethorphan (DXM), its active metabolite dextrorphan (DXO), and dextrallorphan (DXA)
• Adamantanes such as amantadine and memantine
• Diarylethylamines such as diphenidine, ephenidine, fluorolintane, and methoxphenidine
• Inhalants such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) and xenon
• Others such as alkyl nitrites (poppers), aptiganel, dexoxadrol, dizocilpine (MK-801 or MK801), etoxadrol, and selfotel

Deliriants

Deliriants are muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, also known as antimuscarinics or anticholinergics, and include the following:

• Tropanes such as atropine, scopolamine (hyoscine), and hyoscyamine
• Others such as benztropine, biperidin, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, procyclidine, trihexyphenidyl, and tropicamide

κ-Opioid receptor agonists

κ-Opioid receptor agonists with hallucinogenic effects include the following:

• Salvinoids like salvinorin A (found in Salvia divinorum), 2-MMSB, 2-EMSB, and RB-64 (22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A) (possibly)
• Benzomorphans such as pentazocine, phenazocine, and alazocine
• Morphinans such as levorphanol, levomethorphan, and nalorphine
• Others such as spiradoline, enadoline, and HZ-2

GABAergics

GABA_A receptor agonists

GABA_A receptor agonists with hallucinogenic effects include the following:

• Muscimol and ibotenic acid, the active constituents of Amanita muscaria mushrooms
• Gaboxadol (THIP), a synthetic analogue of muscimol

Indirect GABA_A receptor agonists

GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulators

• Nonbenzodiazepines or Z drugs such as eszopiclone, zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclone

GABA reuptake inhibitors

• CI-966, a potent GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) blocker

Oneirogens

Oneirogens, also known as oneirophrenics, have an unknown mechanism of action and include the following:

• β-Carbolines and harmala alkaloids such as harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine (THH), 6-methoxyharmalan, and 6-MeO-THH
• Iboga alkaloids such as ibogaine and noribogaine

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids with hallucinogenic effects are cannabinoid CB₁ receptor agonists and include the following:

• Phytocannabinoids such as Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC or simply THC)
• Synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone, JWH-018, JWH-073, and HU-210

Certain monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors, which inhibit endocannabinoid metabolism and hence are indirect cannabinoid CB₁ receptor agonists, also produce partial or full cannabinoid-like discriminative stimulus effects in animal drug discrimination tests. Conversely, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which inhibit endocannabinoid inactivation as well, do not substitute for cannabinoids, at least by themselves.

Other hallucinogens

Other hallucinogens that are not known to fall into any of the above groups include the following:

• Aminochromes such as adrenochrome and adrenolutin (disputed/controversial)
• Carbogen, a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas
• Glaucine, an aporphine alkaloid known to act as a positive allosteric modulator of serotonin 5-HT₂ receptors among other actions
• Hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms such as Lanmaoa asiatica (unknown mechanism of action)
• Kykeon, an ancient drink of the Eleusinian Mysteries of unknown identity with possible hallucinogenic effects
• Nutmeg, which contains the active constituents myristicin and elemicin (unknown mechanism of action)
• Soma (haoma), an ancient drink made from a plant of unknown identity with possible hallucinogenic effects

See also

• List of drugs
• List of designer drugs
• List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens
• List of substances used in rituals

References