List of fossil primates

This is a list of fossil primatesÃ¢ÂÂextinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here.

There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma. However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear.

The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.

This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd edition). Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.

Strepsirrhini

Infraorder Adapiformes

Adapiformes, incertae sedis

* Sulaimanius Gunnell et al., 2012

:* Sulaimanius arifi (Gunnell et al., 2008)

Adapoidea

Ekgmowechashalidae Szalay, 1976
Bugtilemur Marivaux et al., 2001
Bugtilemur mathesoni Marivaux et al., 2001
Ekgmowechashala Macdonald, 1963
Ekgmowechashala philotau Macdonald, 1963
Ekgmowechashala zancanellai Samuels, Albright & Fremd, 2015
Gatanthropus Ni et al., 2016
Gatanthropus micros Ni et al., 2016
Muangthanhinius Marivaux et al., 2006
Muangthanhinius siami Marivaux et al., 2006
Notharctidae Trouessart, 1879
Notharctinae Trouessart, 1879
Cantius Simons, 1962
Cantius abditus Gingerich & Simmons, 1977
Cantius angulatus Cope, 1875
Cantius antediluvius Kihm, 1992
Cantius eppsi Cooper, 1932
Cantius frugivorus Cope, 1875
Cantius lohseorum Robinson, 2016
Cantius mckennai Gingerich & Simons, 1977
Cantius nuniensis Cope, 1881
Cantius ralstoni Matthew, 1915
Cantius savagei Gingerich, 1977
Cantius torresi Gingerich, 1986
Copelemur Gingerich & Simons, 1977
Copelemur australotutus Beard, 1988
Copelemur praetutus Gazin, 1962
Copelemur tutus Cope, 1877
Hesperolemur Gunnell, 1995
Hesperolemur actius Gunnell, 1995
Megaceralemur Robinson, 2016
Megaceralemur trigonodus (Matthew, 1915)
Megaceralemur matthewi Robinson, 2016
Notharctus Leidy, 1870
Notharctus pugnax Granger & Gregory, 1917
Notharctus robustior Leidy, 1870
Notharctus tenebrosus Leidy, 1870
Notharctus venticolus Osborn, 1902
Pelycodus Cope, 1875
Pelycodus danielsae Froehlich & Lucas, 1991
Pelycodus jarrovii Cope, 1874
Pinolophus Robinson, 2016
Pinolophus meikei Robinson, 2016
Smilodectes Wortman, 1903
Smilodectes gingerichi Beard, 1988
Smilodectes gracilis Marsh, 1871
Smilodectes mcgrewi Gingerich, 1979
Cercamoniinae Gingerich, 1975
Agerinia Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973
Agerinia marandati Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, MarigÃÂ³, Poyatos-MorÃÂ©, and MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2017
Agerinia roselli Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973
Agerinia smithorum Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, MarigÃÂ³, and MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2016
Anchomomys Stehlin, 1916
Anchomomys crocheti Godinot, 1988
Anchomomys gaillardi Stehlin, 1916
Anchomomys pygmaeus RÃÂ¼timeyer, 1890
Anchomomys quercy Stehlin, 1916
Barnesia Thalmann, 1994
Barnesia hauboldi Thalmann, 1994
Buxella Godinot, 1988
Buxella magna Godinot, 1988
Buxella prisca Godinot, 1988
Donrussellia Szalay, 1976
Donrussellia gallica Russell, Louis & Savage, 1967
Donrussellia louisi
Donrussellia magna
Donrussellia provincialis
Donrussellia russelli
Mazateronodon MarigÃÂ³, Minwer-Barakat, & MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2010
Mazateronodon endemicus MarigÃÂ³, Minwer-Barakat, & MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2010
Panobius Russell & Gingerich, 1987
Panobius afridi Russell & Gingerich, 1987
Periconodon Stehlin, 1916
Periconodon helleri Schwartz et al., 1983
Periconodon helveticus RÃÂ¼timeyer, 1891
Periconodon huerzeleri Gingerich, 1977
Periconodon jaegeri Godinot, 1988
Periconodon lemoinei Gingerich, 1977
Protoadapis Lemoine, 1878
Protoadapis angustidens Filhol, 1888
Protoadapis brachyrhynchus Stehlin, 1912
Protoadapis curvicuspidens Lemoine, 1878
Protoadapis ignoratus Thalmann, 1994
Protoadapis muechelnensis Thalmann, 1994
Protoadapis recticuspidens Lemoine, 1878
Protoadapis weigelti Gingerich, 1977
Pronycticebus Grandidier, 1904
Pronycticebus gaudryi Grandidier, 1904
Pronycticebus neglectus Thalmann et al., 1989
Asiadapidae Rose et al., 2009
Anthrasimias Bajpai et al., 2008
Anthrasimias gujaratensis Bajpai et al., 2008
Asiadapis Rose et al., 2007
Asiadapis cambayensis Rose et al., 2007
Asiadapis tapiensis Rose et al., 2018
Marcgodinotius Bajpai et al., 2005
Marcgodinotius indicus Bajpai et al., 2005
Adapidae Trouessart, 1879
Adapinae Trouesart, 1879
Adapis Cuvier, 1821
Adapis bruni
Adapis collinsonae Hooker, 1986
Adapis parisiensis de Blainville, 1841
Adapis sudrei Gingerich, 1977
Cryptadapis Godinot, 1984
Cryptadapis laharpei Godinot, 1984
Cryptadapis tertius Godinot, 1984
Leptadapis Gervais, 1876
Leptadapis assolicus
Leptadapis filholi Godinot & Couette, 2008
Leptadapis capellae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967
Leptadapis leenhardti Stehlin, 1912
Leptadapis magnus Filhol, 1874
Leptadapis ruetimeyeri Stehlin, 1912
Magnadapis Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis quercyi Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis fredi Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis laurenceae Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis intermedius Godinot & Couette, 2008
Microadapis Szalay, 1974
Microadapis lynnae
Microadapis sciureus Stehlin, 1916
Palaeolemur Delfortrie, 1873
Palaeolemur betillei Delfortrie, 1873
Paradapis Tattersall & Schwartz 1983
Paradapis ruetimeyeri Stehlin 1912
Paradapis priscus Stehlin, 1916
Caenopithecinae Szalay & Delson 1979
Adapoides Beard et al., 1994
Adapoides troglodytes Beard et al., 1994
Afradapis Seiffert et al., 2009
Afradapis longicristatus Seiffert et al., 2009
Aframonius Simons et al., 1995
Aframonius diedes Simons et al., 1995
Caenopithecus RÃÂ¼timeyer, 1862
Caenopithecus lemuroides RÃÂ¼timeyer, 1862
Darwinius Franzen et al., 2009
Darwinius masillae Franzen et al., 2009
Europolemur Weigelt, 1933
Europolemur dunaifi Tattersall & Schwartz, 1983
Europolemur klatti Weigelt, 1933
Europolemur koenigswald Franzen, 1987
Godinotia Franzen, 2000
Godinotia neglecta Thalmann, Haubold & Martin, 1989
Mahgarita Wilson & Szalay, 1976
Mahgarita stevensi Wilson & Szalay, 1976
Masradapis Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, Sallam, 2017
Masradapis tahai Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, and Sallam, 2017
Mescalerolemur Kirk & Williams, 2011
Mescalerolemur horneri Kirk & Williams, 2011
Sivaladapidae Thomas & Verma, 1979
Ramadapis Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017
Ramadapis sahnii Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017
Sivaladapinae Thomas & Verma, 1979
Indraloris Lewis, 1933
Indraloris himalayensis Pilgrim, 1932
Indraloris kamlialensis Flynn and Morgan, 2005
Sinoadapis Wu & Pan, 1985
Sinoadapis carnosus Wu & Pan, 1985
Sivaladapis Gingerich & Sahni, 1979
Sivaladapis nagrii Prasad, 1970
Sivaladapis palaendicus Pilgrim, 1932
Hoanghoniinae Gingerich et al., 1994
Hoanghonius Zdansky, 1930
Hoanghonius stehlini Zdansky, 1930
Lushius Chow, 1961
Lushius qinlinensis Chow, 1961
Rencunius Gingerich et al., 1994
Rencunius zhoui Gingerich et al., 1994
Wailekia Ducrocq et al., 1995
Wailekia orientale Ducrocq et al., 1995
incertae sedis
Guangxilemur Qi & Beard, 1998
Guangxilemur tongi Qi & Beard, 1998
Kyitchaungia Beard et al. 2007
Kyitchaungia takaii Beard et al. 2007
Laomaki Ni et al. 2016
Laomaki yunnanensis Ni et al. 2016
Paukkaungia Beard et al. 2007
Paukkaungia parva Beard et al. 2007
Siamoadapis Chaimanee et al., 2007
Siamoadapis maemohensis Chaimanee et al., 2007
Yunnanadapis Ni et al. 2016
Yunnanadapis folivorus Ni et al. 2016
Yunnanadapis imperator Ni et al. 2016

Infraorder Chiromyiformes

* Daubentoniidae Gray, 1863

:* Daubentonia ÃÂ. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1795

::* Daubentonia robusta Lamberton, 1934

*Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994

:* Plesiopithecus Simons, 1992

::* Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992

*Propottidae Butler, 1984

:* Propotto Simpson, 1967

::* Propotto leakeyi Simpson, 1967

Infraorder Lemuriformes

Basal stem group Lemuriformes

*Family Azibiidae Gingerich, 1976

:* Algeripithecus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992

::* Algeripithecus minutus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992

:* Azibius Sudre, 1975

::* Azibius trerki Sudre, 1975

*Djebelemuridae Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992

:* unnamed ('Anchomomys')

::* 'Anchomomys' milleri Simons, 1997

:* Djebelemur Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992

::* Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992

:* Namaia Pickford et al., 2008

::* Namaia bogenfelsi Pickford et al., 2008

:* Omanodon Gheerbrant et al., 1993

::* Omanodon minor Gheerbrant et al., 1993

:* Shizarodon Gheerbrant et al., 1993

::* Shizarodon dhofarensis Gheerbrant et al., 1993

*Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994

:* Plesiopithecus Simons, 1992

::* Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992

Lemuroidea

Subfossil lemurs:

* Archaeolemuridae G. Grandier, 1905

:* Archaeolemur Filhol, 1895

::* Archaeolemur edwardsi Filhol, 1895

::* Archaeolemur majori Filhol, 1895

:* Hadropithecus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899

::* Hadropithecus stenognathus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899

* Palaeopropithecidae Tattersall, 1973

:* Mesopropithecus Standing, 1905

::* Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Simons et al., 1995

::* Mesopropithecus globiceps Lamberton, 1936

::* Mesopropithecus pithecoides Standing, 1905

:* Babakotia Godfrey et al., 1990

::* Babakotia radofilai Godfrey et al., 1990

:* Palaeopropithecus G. Grandidier, 1899

::* Palaeopropithecus ingens G. Grandidier, 1899

::* Palaeopropithecus kelyus Gommery et al., 2010

::* Palaeopropithecus maximus Standing, 1903

:* Archaeoindris Standing, 1909

::* Archaeoindris fontoynontii Standing, 1909

* Megaladapidae Forsyth-Major, 1894

:* Megaladapis Forsyth-Major, 1894

::* Subgenus: Megaladapis

:::* Megaladapis (Megaladapis) grandidieri Standing, 1903

:::* Megaladapis (Megaladapis) madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, 1894

::* Subgenus: Peloriadapis

:::* Megaladapis (Peloriadapis) edwardsi Grandidier, 1899

* Lemuridae Gray, 1821

:* Pachylemur Lamberton, 1946

::* Pachylemur insignis Filhol, 1895

::* Pachylemur jullyi Lamberton, 1948

Lorisiformes

* Lorisidae Gray, 1821

::* Karanisia Seiffert et al., 2003

:::* Karanisia clarki Seiffert et al., 2003

::* Mioeuoticus Leakey, 1962

:::* Mioeuoticus bishopi Leakey, 1962

:::* Mioeuoticus kichotoi Kunimatsu, Tsujikawa, Nakatsukasa, Shimizu, Ogihara, Kikuchi, Nakano, Takano, Morimoto, and Ishida, 2017

:::* Mioeuoticus shipmani Phillips & Walker, 2000

::* Nycticeboides Jacobs, 1981

:::* Nycticeboides simpsoni Jacobs, 1981

* Galagidae Gray, 1825

::* Galago Geoffroy, 1796

:::* Galago farafraensis Pickford, Wanas & Soliman, 2006

:::* Galago howelli Wesselman, 1984

:::* Galago sadimanensis Walker, 1987

::* Komba Simpson, 1967

:::* Komba minor Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952

:::* Komba robustus Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952

:::* Komba winamensis McCrossin, 1992

::* Progalago MacInnes, 1943

:::* Progalago dorae MacInnes, 1943

:::* Progalago songhorensis Simpson, 1967

::* Saharagalago Seiffert et al., 2003

:::* Saharagalago misrensis Seiffert et al., 2003

::* Wadilemur Simons, 1997

:::* Wadilemur elegans Simons, 1997

Haplorhini

:* Teilhardina Simpson, 1940

::* Teilhardina asiatica Ni et al., 2004

::* Teilhardina belgica (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927)

Tarsiiformes

Tarsiiformes, incertae sedis

:* Altanius Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977

::* Altanius orlovi Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977

:* Altiatlasius SigÃÂ© et al., 1990

::* Altiatlasius koulchii SigÃÂ© et al., 1990

Archicebidae

* Archicebus Ni et al., 2013

:* Archicebus achilles Ni et al., 2013

Omomyoidea

* Omomyidae Trouessart, 1879

:* Baataromomys Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007

::* Baataromomys ulaanus Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007

:* Kohatius Russell & Gingerich, 1980

::* Kohatius coppensi Russell & Gingerich, 1980

:* Microchoerinae Lydekker, 1887

::* Melaneremia Hooker, 2007

:::* Melaneremia bryanti Hooker, 2007

::* Microchoerus Wood, 1846

:::* Microchoerus creechbarrowensis Hooker, 1986

:::* Microchoerus edwardsi Filhol, 1880

:::* Microchoerus erinaceus Wood, 1846

:::* Microchoerus hookeri Minwer-Barakat, MarigÃÂ³, Femenias-Gual, Costeur, Esteban-Trivigno, and MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2017

:::* Microchoerus ornatus Stehlin, 1916

:::* Microchoerus wardi Hooker, 1986

::* Necrolemur Filhol, 1873

:::* Necrolemur anadoni Minwer-Barakat, MarigÃÂ³ & MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2015

:::* Necrolemur antiquus Filhol, 1873

:::* Necrolemur zitteli Schlosser, 1887

::* Nannopithex Stehlin, 1916

:::* Nannopithex filholi Chantre & Gaillard, 1897

:::* Nannopithex humilidens Thalmann, 1994

:::* Nannopithex quaylei Hooker, 1986

:::* Nannopithex raabi Heller, 1930

:::* Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot et al., 1992

::* Pseudoloris Stehlin, 1916

:::* Pseudoloris crusafonti Louis & Sudre, 1975

:::* Pseudoloris godinoti KÃÂ¶hler & MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 1999

:::* Pseudoloris isabenae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967

:::* Pseudoloris parvulus Filhol, 1890

:* Anaptomorphinae Cope, 1883

::* Tribe: Anaptomorphini

:::* Anaptomorphus Cope, 1872

::::* Anaptomorphus aemulus Cope, 1872

::::* Anaptomorphus westi Szalay, 1976

:::* Tetonius Matthew, 1915

::::* Tetonius homunculus Cope, 1882

::::* Tetonius matthewi Bown & Rose, 1987

::::* Tetonius mckennai Bown & Rose, 1987

:::* Absarokius Matthew, 1915

::::* Absarokius abbotti Loomis, 1906

::::* Absarokius australis Bown & Rose, 1987

::::* Absarokius nocerai Robinson, 1966

::::* Absarokius metoecus Bown & Rose, 1987

::::* Absarokius witteri Morris, 1954

:::* "Teilhardina" Simpson, 1940

::::* Teilhardina brandti Gingerich, 1993

::::* "Teilhardina" demissa Rose, 1995

::::* "Teilhardina" gingerichi Rose, Chew, Dunn, Kraus, Fricke, and Zack, 2012

::::* "Teilhardina" tenuicula Jepsen, 1930

:::* Bownomomys Morse et al., 2018

::::* Bownomomys americanus (Bown, 1976)

::::* Bownomomys crassidens )Bown & Rose, 1987)

:::* Anemorhysis Gazin, 1958

::::* Anemorhysis natronensis Beard et al., 1992

::::* Anemorhysis pattersoni Bown & Rose, 1984

::::* Anemorhysis pearcei Gazin, 1962

::::* Anemorhysis savagei Williams & Covert, 1994

::::* Anemorhysis sublettensis Gazin, 1952

::::* Anemorhysis wortmani Bown & Rose, 1984

:::* Chlororhysis Gazin, 1958

::::* Chlororhysis incomptus Bown & Rose, 1984

::::* Chlororhysis knightensis Gazin, 1958

:::* Pseudotetonius Bown, 1974

::::* Pseudotetonius ambiguus Bown, 1974

:::* Arapahovius Savage & Waters, 1978

::::* Arapahovius advena Bown & Rose, 1991

::::* Arapahovius gazini Savage & Waters, 1978

:::* Aycrossia Bown, 1979

::::* Aycrossia lovei Bown, 1979

:::* Strigorhysis Bown, 1979

::::* Strigorhysis bridgerensis Bown, 1979

::::* Strigorhysis huerfanensis Bown & Rose, 1987

::::* Strigorhysis rugosus Bown, 1979

:::* Gazinius Bown, 1979

::::* Gazinius amplus Bown, 1979

::::* Gazinius bowni Gunnell, 1995

:::* Tatmanius Bown & Rose, 1991

::::* Tatmanius szalayi Bown & Rose, 1991

::* Tribe: Trogolemurini

:::* Trogolemur Matthew, 1909

::::* Trogolemur amplior Beard et al., 1992

::::* Trogolemur fragilis Beard et al., 1992

::::* Trogolemur myodes Matthew, 1909

:::* Sphacorhysis Gunnell, 1995

::::* Sphacorhysis burntforkensis Gunnell, 1995

:::* Walshina LÃÂ³pez-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018

::::* Walshina esmaraldensis LÃÂ³pez-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018

::::* Walshina mcgrewi (Robinson, 1968)

::::* Walshina shifrae (Krishtalka, 1978)

:* Omomyinae Trouessart, 1879

::* Brontomomys Atwater and Kirk, 2018

:::* Brontomomys cerutti Atwater and Kirk, 2018

::* Diablomomys Williams and Kirk, 2008

:::* Diablomomys dalquesti Williams and Kirk, 2008

::* Ekwiiyemakius Atwater and Kirk, 2018

:::* Ekwiiyemakius walshi Atwater and Kirk, 2018

::* Gunnelltarsius Atwater and Kirk, 2018

:::* Gunnelltarsius randalli Atwater and Kirk, 2018

::* Tribe: Omomyiini

:::* Omomys Leidy, 1869

::::* Omomys carteri Leidy, 1869

::::* Omomys lloydi Gazin, 1958

:::* Steinius Bown & Rose, 1984

::::* Steinius annectens Bown & Rose, 1991

::::* Steinius vespertinus Matthew, 1915

:::* Chumashius Stock, 1933

::::* Chumashius balchi Stock, 1933

::* Tribe: Washakiini

:::* Washakius Leidy, 1873

::::* Washakius insignis Leidy, 1873

::::* Washakius izetti Honey, 1990

::::* Washakius laurae Simpson, 1959

::::* Washakius woodringi Stock, 1938

:::* Shoshonius Granger, 1910

::::* Shoshonius bowni Honey, 1990

::::* Shoshonius cooperi Granger, 1910

:::* Dyseolemur Stock, 1934

::::* Dyseolemur pacificus Stock, 1934

:::* Loveina Simpson, 1940

::::* Loveina minuta Loomis, 1906

::::* Loveina wapitiensis Gunnell et al., 1992

::::* Loveina zephyri Simpson, 1940

::* Tribe: Utahiini

:::* Utahia Gazin, 1958

::::* Utahia carina Muldoon and Gunnell, 2002

::::* Utahia kayi Gazin, 1958

:::* Stockia Gazin, 1958

::::* Stockia powayensis Gazin, 1958

:::* Chipetaia Rasmussen, 1996

::::* Chipetaia lamporea Rasmussen, 1996

:::* Asiomomys Wang & Li, 1990

::::* Asiomomys changbaicus Wang & Li, 1990

::* Tribe: Ourayiini

:::* Wyomomys Gunnell, 1995

::::* Wyomomys bridgeri Gunnell, 1995

:::* Ageitodendron Gunnell, 1995

::::* Ageitodendron matthewi Gunnell, 1995

:::* Ourayia Gazin, 1958

::::* Ourayia hopsoni Robinson, 1968

::::* Ourayia uintensis Osborn, 1895

::* Tribe: Macrotarsiini

:::* Macrotarsius Clark, 1941

::::* Macrotarsius jepseni Robinson, 1968

::::* Macrotarsius macrorhysis Beard et al., 1994

::::* Macrotarsius montanus Clark, 1941

::::* Macrotarsius roederi Kelly, 1990

::::* Macrotarsius siegerti Robinson, 1968

:::* Hemiacodon Marsh, 1872

::::* Hemiacodon casamissus Beard et al., 1992

::::* Hemiacodon gracilis Marsh, 1872

:::* Yaquius Mason, 1990

::::* Yaquius travisi Mason, 1990

::* Tribe: Uintaniini

:::* Uintanius Matthew, 1915

::::* Uintanius ameghini Wortman, 1904

::::* Uintanius rutherfurdi Robinson, 1966

:::* Jemezius Beard, 1987

::::* Jemezius szalayi Beard, 1987

::* Tribus: Rooneyini

:::* Rooneyia Wilson, 1966

::::* Rooneyia viejaensis Wilson, 1966

* Tarsiidae Gray, 1825

:* Hesperotarsius Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013

::* Hesperotarsius sindhensis Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013

::* Hesperotarsius thailandicus (Ginsburg & Mein, 1987)

:* Oligotarsius Ni et al., 2016

::* Oligotarsius rarus Ni et al., 2016

:* Tarsius Storr, 1780

::* "Tarsius" eocaenus Beard et al., 1994

::* "Tarsius" sirindhornae Chaimanee et al., 2011

:* Xanthorhysis Beard, 1998

::* Xanthorhysis tabrumi Beard, 1998

Eosimiiformes

Afrotarsiidae

*Afrasia Chaimanee et al. 2012

:*Afrasia djijidae Chaimanee et al. 2012

* Afrotarsius Simons & Bown, 1985

:* Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985

:* Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al., 2010

Eosimiidae

* Eosimias Beard et al., 1994

:* Eosimias centennicus Beard et al., 1996

:* Eosimias sinensis Beard et al., 1994

* Bahinia Jaeger et al., 1999

:* Bahinia banyueae Li et al., 2016

:* Bahinia pondaungensis Jaeger et al., 1999

* Phileosimias Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005

:* Phileosimias brahuiorum Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005

:* Phileosimias kamali Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005

* Phenacopithecus Beard and Wang, 2004

:* Phenacopithecus krishtalkai Beard and Wang, 2004

:* Phenacopithecus xueshii Beard and Wang, 2004

Simiiformes

Simiiformes, incertae sedis

* Amphipithecidae Godinot, 1994

:* Pondaungia Pilgrim, 1927

::* Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1927

:* Amphipithecus Colbert, 1937

::* Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937

:* Krabia Chaimanee et al., 2013

::* Krabia minuta Chaimanee et al., 2013

:* Siamopithecus Chaimanee et al., 1997

::* Siamopithecus eocaenus Chaimanee et al., 1997

Proteopithecidae Simons, 1997

:* Proteopithecus Simons, 1989

::* Proteopithecus sylviae Simons, 1989

:* Serapia Simons, 1992

::* Serapia eocaena Simons, 1992

Parapithecidae Schlosser, 1911

:* Arsinoea Simons, 1992

::* Arsinoea kallimos Simons, 1992

:* Apidium Osborn, 1908

::* Apidium bowni Simons, 1995

::* Apidium moustafai Simons, 1962

::* Apidium phiomense Osborn, 1908

:* Parapithecus Schlosser, 1910

::* Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser, 1910

::* Parapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974

:* Qatrania Simons & Kay, 1983

::* Qatrania fleaglei Simons & Kay, 1988

::* Qatrania wingi Simons & kay, 1983

:* Biretia Bonis et al., 1988

::* Biretia piveteaui Bonis et al., 1988

::* Biretia fayumensis Seiffert et al., 2005

::* Biretia megalopsis Seiffert et al., 2005

Platyrrhini

Platyrrhini, incertae sedis
Branisella Hoffstetter, 1969
Branisella boliviana Hoffstetter, 1969
Atelidae Gray, 1825
Pitheciinae Mivart, 1865
Tribus: Callicebini
Xenothrix Williams & Koopman, 1952
Xenothrix mcgregori Williams & Koopman, 1952
Antillothrix MacPhee et al., 1995
Antillothrix bernensis RÃÂmoli, 1977
Paralouatta Rivero & Arredondo, 1991
Paralouatta varonai Rivero & Arredondo, 1991
Paralouatta marianae
Tribus: Pitheciini
Soriacebus Fleagle et al., 1987
Soriacebus adrianae Fleagle, 1990
Soriacebus ameghinorum Fleagle et al., 1987
Proteropithecia Kay et al., 1999
Proteropithecia neuquenensis Kay et al., 1998
Cebupithecia Stirton & Savage, 1951
Cebupithecia sarmientoi Stirton & Savage, 1951
Nuciruptor Meldrum & Kay, 1997
Nuciruptor rubricae Meldrum & Kay, 1997
Tribus: Homunculini
Homunculus Ameghino, 1891
Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino, 1891
Carlocebus Fleagle, 1990
Carlocebus carmenensis Fleagle, 1990
Carlocebus intermedius Fleagle, 1990
Atelinae Gray, 1825
Tribus: Alouattini
Stirtonia Hershkovitz, 1970
Stirtonia tatacoensis Stirton, 1951
Stirtonia victoriae Kay et al., 1987
Tribus: Atelini
Caipora Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
Caipora bambuiorum Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
Atelinae, incertae sedis
Protopithecus Lund, 1838
Protopithecus brasiliensis Lund, 1838
Cebidae Bonaparte, 1831
Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831
Tribus: Saimiriini
Neosaimiri Stirton, 1951
Neosaimiri fieldsi Stirton, 1951
Laventiana Rosenberger et al., 1991
Laventiana annectens Rosenberger et al., 1991
Dolichocebus Kraglievich, 1951
Dolichocebus gaimanensis Kraglievich, 1951
Cebinae, incertae sedis
Chilecebus Flynn & al, 1995
Chilecebus carrascoensis Flynn & al, 1995
Killikaike Tejedor et al., 2006
Killikaike blakei Tejedor et al., 2006
Aotinae Elliot, 1913
Aotus Illiger, 1811
Aotus dindensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1987
Aotinae, incertae sedis
Tremacebus Hershkovitz, 1974
Tremacebus harringtoni Rusconi, 1933
Callitrichinae Thomas, 1903
Tribus: Callimiconi
Mohanamico Luchterhand et al., 1986
Mohanamico hershkovitzi Luchterhand et al., 1986
Callitrichinae, incertae sedis
Patasola Kay & Meldrum, 1997
Patasola magdalenae Kay & Meldrum, 1997
Lagonimico Kay, 1994
Lagonimico conclutatus Kay, 1994
Micodon Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985
Micodon kiotensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985

Catarrhini

Catarrhini, incertae sedis

*Limnopithecus Hopwood, 1933

:* Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943

:* Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933

* Kalepithecus Harrison, 1988

:*Kalepithecus songhorensis Andrews, 1978

:*Kalepithecus kogolensis Pickford et al., 2017

* Kamoyapithecus Leakey et al., 1995

:* Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni Madden, 1980

* Kogolepithecus Pickford et al., 2003

:* Kogolepithecus morotoensis Pickford et al., 2003

Propliothecoidea

Oligopithecidae Kay & Williams, 1994

:* Catopithecus Simons, 1989

::* Catopithecus browni Simons, 1989

:* Oligopithecus Simons, 1962

::* Oligopithecus rogeri Gheerbrant et al., 1995

::* Oligopithecus savagei Simons, 1962

:* Talahpithecus Jaeger et al., 2010

::* Talahpithecus parvus Jaeger et al., 2010

Propliopithecidae Straus, 1961

:* Moeripithecus Schlosser, 1910

::* Moeripithecus markgrafi Schlosser, 1910

:* Propliopithecus Schlosser, 1910

::* Propliopithecus ankeli Simons et al., 1987

::* Propliopithecus chirobates Simons, 1965

::* Propliopithecus haeckeli Schlosser, 1910

:* Aegyptopithecus Simons, 1965

::* Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965

Pliopithecoidea

Pliopithecidae Zapfe, 1960
Lomorupithecus Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006
Lomorupithecus harrisoni Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006
Dionysopithecinae
Dionysopithecus Li, 1978
Dionysopithecus orientalis Suteethorn et al., 1990
Dionysopithecus shuangouensis Li, 1978
Platodontopithecus Li, 1978
Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis Li, 1978
Pliopitheciinae
Epipliopithecus Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957
Epipliopithecus vindobonensis Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957
Pliopithecus Gervais, 1849
Pliopithecus antiquus Gervais, 1849
Pliopithecus piveteaui HÃÂ¼rzeler, 1954
Pliopithecus platyodon Bidermann, 1863
Pliopithecus zhanxiangi Harrison et al., 1991
Egarapithecus MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ et al., 2001
Egarapithecus narcisoi MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ et al., 2001
Crouzeliinae Ginsburg & Mein, 1980
Plesiopliopithecus Zapfe, 1961
Plesiopliopithecus auscitanensis Bergounioux & Crouzel, 1965
Plesiopliopithecus lockeri Zapfe, 1961
Plesiopliopithecus priensis Welcomme et al., 1991
Plesiopliopithecus rhodanica Ginsburg & Mein, 1980
Anapithecus Kretzoi, 1975
Anapithecus hernyaki Kretzoi, 1975
Laccopithecus Wu & Pan, 1984
Laccopithecus robustus Wu & Pan, 1984

*Pliopithecoidea, incertae sedis

:* Paidopithex Pohlig, 1895

::* Paidopithex rhenanus Pohlig, 1895

Dendropithecoidea

Dendropithecidae Harrison, 2002

:* Dendropithecus Andrews & Simons, 1977

::* Dendropithecus macinnesi Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950

::* Dendropithecus ugandensis Pickford et al., 2010

:* Micropithecus Fleagle & Simons, 1978

::* Micropithecus clarki Fleagle & Simons, 1978

::* Micropithecus leakeyorum Harrison, 1989

:* Simiolus Leakey & Leakey, 1987

::* Simiolus andrewsi Harrison, 2010

::* Simiolus cheptumoae Pickford & Kunimatsu, 2005

::* Simiolus enjiessi Leakey & Leakey, 1987

::* Simiolus minutus Rossie & Hill, 2018

Saadanioidea

Saadaniidae Zalmout et al., 2010

:* Saadanius Zalmout et al., 2010

::* Saadanius hijazensis Zalmout et al. 2010

Cercopithecoidea

Nsungwepithecus Stevens et al., 2013
Nsungwepithecus gunnelli Stevens et al., 2013
Victoriapithecidae von Koenigswald, 1969

:* Victoriapithecus von Koenigswald, 1969

::* Victoriapithecus macinnesi von Koenigswald, 1969

:* Prohylobates Fourtau, 1918

::* Prohylobates tandyi Fourtau, 1918

::* Prohylobates simonsi Delson, 1979

:* Noropithecus Miller et al. 2009

::* Noropithecus bulukensis Miller et al. 2009

Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821
Colobinae Jernon, 1867
Tribus: Colobini
Microcolobus Benefit & Pickford, 1986
Microcolobus tugenensis Benefit & Pickford, 1986
Rhinocolobus M.G. Leakey, 1982
Rhinocolobus turkanaensis M.G. Leakey, 1982
Colobinae, incertae sedis
Mesopithecus Wagner, 1839
Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839
Mesopithecus monspessulanus Gervais, 1849
Mesopithecus sivalensis (Lydekker, 1878)
Myanmarcolobus Takai et al., 2015
Myanmarcolobus yawensis Takai et al., 2015
Rhinopithecus ÃÂ. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
Subgenus: Rhinopithecus ÃÂ. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) lantianensis Hu & Qi, 1978
Libypithecus Stromer, 1913
Libypithecus markgrafi Stromer, 1913
Semnopithecus Desmarest, 1822
Semnopithecus gwebinnensis Takai et al., 2016
Parapresbytis Kalmykov & Maschenko, 1992
Parapresbytis eohanuman (Borissoglebskaya, 1981)
Cercopithecoides Mollett, 1947
Cercopithecoides kimeui M.G. Leakey, 1982
Cercopithecoides williamsi Mollett, 1947
Paracolobus R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
Paracolobus chemeroni R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
Paracolobus mutiwa M.G. Leakey, 1969
Cercopithecinae Gray, 1821
Tribus: Papionini
Subtribus: Macanina
Macaca anderssoni Schlosser, 1924
Macaca florentina Cocchi, 1872
Macaca jiangchuanensis Pan et al., 1992
Macaca libyca Stromer, 1920
Macaca majori Schaub & Azzaroli in Comaschi Caria, 1969 (sometimes included in M. sylvanus)
?Macaca palaeindicus (Lydekker, 1884)
Procynocephalus Schlosser, 1924
Procynocephalus subhimalayanus von Meyer, 1848
Procynocephalus wimani Schlosser, 1924
Paradolichopithecus Necrasov et al., 1961
Subtribus: Papionina
Parapapio Jones, 1937
Parapapio ado Hopwood, 1936
Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937
Parapapio jonesi Broom, 1940
Parapapio whitei Broom, 1940
Parapapio lothagamensis Leakey, Teaford, and Ward, 2003
Procercocebus Gilbert, 2007
Procercocebus antiquus (Haughton, 1925)
Dinopithecus Broom, 1937
Dinopithecus ingens Broom, 1937
Gorgopithecus Broom & Robinson, 1946
Gorgopithecus major Broom, 1940
Theropithecus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843
Subgenus: Theropithecus Delson, 1993
Theropithecus (Theropithecus) darti Broom & Jensen, 1946
Theropithecus (Theropithecus) oswaldi Andrews, 1916
Subgenus: Omopithecus Delson, 1993
Theropithecus (Omopithecus) baringensis R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti Arambourg, 1947
Soromandrillus Gilbert, 2013
Soromandrillus quadratirostris (Iwamoto, 1982)
Papio Erxleben, 1777
Papio izodi Gear, 1926
Papio robinsoni Freedman, 1957

Hominoidea

Hominoidea, incertae sedis

* Otavipithecus Conroy et al., 1992

:* Otavipithecus namibiensis Conroy et al., 1992

Proconsulidae Leakey, 1963

* Proconsulinae Leakey, 1963

:* Ekembo McNulty et al., 2015

::* Ekembo heseloni (Walker et al., 1993)

::* Ekembo nyanzae (Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950)

:* Proconsul Hopwood, 1933

::* Proconsul africanus Hopwood, 1933

::* Proconsul gitongai (Pickford and Kunimatsu, 2005)

::* Proconsul major Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950

::* Proconsul meswae Harrison and Andrews, 2009

* Nyanzapithecinae Harrison, 2002

:* Nyanzapithecus Harrison, 1986

::* Nyanzapithecus alesi Nengo, Tafforeau, Gilbert, Fleagle, Miller, Feibel, Fox, Feinberg, Pugh, Berruyer, Mana, Engle, Spoor, 2017

::* Nyanzapithecus harrisoni Kunimatsu, 1997

::* Nyanzapithecus pickfordi Harrison, 1986

::* Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum Andrews, 1974

:* Mabokopithecus von Koenigswald, 1969

::* Mabokopithecus clarki von Koenigswald, 1969

:* Oreopithecus Gervais, 1872

::* Oreopithecus bamboli Gervais, 1872

:* Rukwapithecus Stevens et al., 2013

::* Rukwapithecus fleaglei Stevens et al., 2013

:* Rangwapithecus Andrews, 1974

::* Rangwapithecus gordoni Andrews, 1974

:* Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986

::* Turkanapithecus kalakolensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986

Pliobatidae Alba et al., 2015
Pliobates Alba et al., 2015
Pliobates cataloniae Alba et al., 2015
Afropithecidae Begun, 2002
Griphopithecinae Begun, 2002
Griphopithecus Abel, 1902
Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974
Griphopithecus suessi Abel, 1902
Afropithecinae Andrews, 1992
Afropithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Afropithecus turkanensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Heliopithecus Andrews & Martin, 1987
Heliopithecus leakeyi Andrews & Martin, 1987
Nacholapithecus Ishida et al., 1999
Nacholapithecus kerioi Ishida et al., 1999
Equatorius Ward et al., 1999
Equatorius africanus (Le Gros Clark and Leaky, 1950)
Hominidae Gray, 1825
Kenyapithecinae Leakey, 1962
Kenyapithecus Leakey, 1962
Kenyapithecus wickeri Leakey, 1962
Ponginae Elliot, 1913
Sivapithecini
Sivapithecus Pilgrim, 1910
Sivapithecus indicus Pilgrim, 1910
Sivapithecus parvada Kelley, 1988
Sivapithecus sivalensis Lydekker, 1879
Gigantopithecus von Koenigswald, 1935
Gigantopithecus blacki von Koenigswald, 1935
Gigantopithecus giganteus Pilgrim, 1915
Ankarapithecus Ozansoy, 1965
Ankarapithecus meteai Ozansoy, 1965
Lufengpithecini
Lufengpithecus Wu, 1987
Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis Chaimanee et al., 2003
Lufengpithecus hudiensis Zhang et al., 1987
Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Woo, 1957
Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al., 1978
Homininae Gray, 1825
Dryopithecini Gregory & Hellman, 1939
Ouranopithecus Bonis & Melentis, 1977
Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Bonis & Melentis, 1977
Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969
Rudapithecus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1969
Hispanopithecus Villalta & Crusafont, 1944
Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta & Crusafont, 1944
Hispanopithecus crusafonti (Begun, 1992)
Pierolapithecus MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2004
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ , 2004
Anoiapithecus MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ et al., 2009
Anoiapithecus brevirostris MoyÃÂ -SolÃÂ et al., 2009
Dryopithecus Lartet, 1856
Dryopithecus wuduensis Xue & Delson, 1988
Dryopithecus fontani Lartet, 1856
Nakalipithecus Kunimatsu et al. 2007
Nakalipthecus nakayamai Kunimatsu et al. 2007
Neopithecus Abel, 1902
Neopithecus brancoi (Schlosser, 1901)
Gorillini
Samburupithecus Ishida & Pickford, 1997
Samburupithecus kiptalami Ishida & Pickford, 1997
Chororapithecus Suwa et al., 2007
Chororapithecus abyssinicus Suwa et al., 2007
Hominini
Graecopithecus von Koenigswald, 1972
Graecopithecus freybergi von Koenigswald, 1972
Sahelanthropus Brunet et al., 2002
Sahelanthropus tchadensis Brunet et al., 2002
Orrorin Senut et al., 2001
Orrorin tugenensis Senut et al., 2001
Ardipithecus White et al., 1995
Ardipithecus ramidus White et al., 1994
Ardipithecus kadabba
Australopithecus Dart, 1925 - paraphyletic in respect to Paranthropus and Homo
Australopithecus anamensis Leakey et al., 1995
Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al., 1978
Australopithecus bahrelghazali Brunet et al., 1995
Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925
Australopithecus garhi Asfaw et al., 1999
Australopithecus sedibaBerger et al., 2010
Paranthropus Broom, 1938
Paranthropus aethiopicus Arambourg & Coppens, 1968
Paranthropus boisei Leakey, 1959
Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938
Homo Linnaeus, 1758
Homo gautengensis Curnoe, 2010
Homo rudolfensis Alexeev, 1986
Homo habilis Leakey et al., 1964
Homo erectus Dubois, 1892
Homo floresiensis P. Brown et al., 2004
Homo ergaster Groves & Mazak, 1975
Homo antecessor BermÃÂºdez de Castro et al., 1997
Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack, 1908
Homo cepranensis Mallegni et al., 2003
Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864
Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921
Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015
Kenyanthropus Leakey et al., 2001
Kenyanthropus platyops Leakey et al., 2001

Notes

References

Literature cited

External links

Interactive map of fossil finds
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