A study was published in 2009 by the University of Southern California called: "The virtual census: representations of gender, race and age in video games" and it showed that Black characters appear in video games in proportion to their numbers in the 2000 US census data, but mainly in sports games and in titles that reinforce stereotypes. Following is a list of Black video game characters, excluding sports and music titles. The game character roles are either a player character (PC) or a non-player character (NPC).