my-server
← Wiki

List of Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Central Asia, West Asia, North Asia as well as Eastern Europe. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 200 million people.

Turkic languages by subfamily

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2022) and were rounded:

Turkic languages by the number of speakers

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Endangered Turkic languages

An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language".

26 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Extinct Turkic languages

Well-known Turkic Dialects

Ancestral

Common Turkic (Shaz Turkic / Z Turkic)

Siberian Turkic

  • South Siberian
  • Altai Turkic
  • Northern Altai
  • Tuba
  • Kumandy/Qumanda
  • Turachak
  • Solton
  • Starobardinian
  • Chalkan (Kuu/Qu, Lebedin)
  • Chulym Turkic
  • Chulym
  • Lower Chulym (Küerik) (now believed extinct)
  • Middle Chulym
  • Upper Chulym
  • Sayan Turkic (dialect continuum)
  • Tofa
  • Tuha
  • Tsengel Tuvan
  • Tuvan
  • Western/Khemchik River (It is influenced by Altai)
  • Central (the geographical centrality of this dialect meant it was similar to the language spoken by most Tuvans, whether or not exactly the same). Forms the basis of the standard and literary language and includes:
  • Ovyur
  • Bii-Khem
  • Northeastern/Todzhi (it is spoken near the upper course of the Bii-Khem River by the Tozhu Tuvans. The speakers of this dialect utilize nasalization. It contains a large vocabulary related to hunting and reindeer breeding not found in the other dialects).
  • Southeastern (shows the most influence from the Mongolian language).
  • Taiga
  • Dukha or Tsaatan - spoken by the Dukha people of Tsagaan-Nuur county of Khövsgöl Province (nearly extinct)
  • Soyot-Tsaatan language spoken in the Okinsky District in Buryatia; now they speak the Buryat language) (Samoyedic Uralic substrate; people shifted first to a Turkic language and after to a Mongolian one - Buryat) (extinct)
  • Orkhon Turkic / Old Turkic / Old Uyghur (extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Uyghur, that descends from Karluk) (not synonymous with Proto-Turkic)
  • Yenisei Turkic
  • Khakas (Xakas tili)
  • Sagay/Saghay
  • Kacha/Qaça
  • Koybal (Samoyedic Uralic substrate; people shifted to a Turkic language)
  • Beltir
  • Kyzyl/Qizil
  • Fuyu Kyrgyz (could be a dialect of Khakas)
  • Shor
  • Mrassu (basis for literary and standard Shor)
  • Upper Mrassu
  • Kondoma
  • Upper-Kondoma
  • Western Yugur or "Yellow Uighur" (direct descendant of Old Uyghur)
  • North Siberian
  • Yakut language
  • Central
  • Western Lena
  • Eastern Lena
  • Aldan
  • Peripheral
  • Northwestern
  • Northeastern
  • Dolgan (Dulğan) (Samoyed Uralic and Evenki Tungusic substrates)
  • Eastern – Khatanga
  • Central – Avam
  • Western – Yenisei, Norilsk

Karluk (Southeastern)

Historically in Central Asia there was a distinction between sedentary, called Sart or Taranchi, and nomadic peoples (regardless of the ethnic group and language). Many times it was used confusingly because it was a generic word for several peoples and their languages (mainly Iranians or Turkics) and also because it had different meanings at different historical times (had shifting meanings over the centuries). Strictly it was not an ethnic or linguistic definition but one of a lifestyle. (strong Iranian substrate)

Kipchak (Northwestern)

Oghuz (Southwestern Turkic)

  • East Oghuz (Eastern)
  • Salar, an Oghuz language outlier strongly influenced by Karluk and Kipchak languages and also by non-Turkic languages like Tibetan and Chinese
  • Qinghai (Amdo) Salar
  • Ili Salar
  • Turkmen
  • Teke (Tekke) (basis of the standard Turkmen)
  • Nohurly
  • Ýomud
  • Änewli
  • Hasarly
  • Nerezim
  • Gökleň
  • Salyr
  • Saryk
  • Ärsary
  • Çowdur
  • Trukhmen
  • Transitional East-West Oghuz
  • Khorasani Turkic
  • North
  • South/Razavi
  • West
  • West Oghuz (Western)
  • Azerbaijani (Azeri Turkic, has an Iranian substrate from the Old Azeri language, an Indo-European language
  • South Azerbaijani
  • Qarapapaq
  • Shahsavani (Shahseven)
  • Muqaddam
  • Baharlu (Kamesh)
  • Nafar
  • Qaragözlü
  • Pishaqchi
  • Bayatlu
  • Qajar
  • Tabrizi (basis of Standard South Azerbaijani but not identical)
  • Iraqi Turkmen (South Turkmen)
  • North Azerbaijani
  • Salyan
  • Lenkaran
  • Qazakh
  • Airym
  • Borcala
  • Terekeme
  • Qyzylbash
  • Nukha
  • Zaqatala (Mugaly)
  • Qabala
  • Yerevan
  • Ordubad
  • Ganja
  • Shusha (Karabakh)
  • Karapapak
  • Shirvan dialect
  • Baku dialect (basis of Standard North Azerbaijani, but not identical)
  • Shamakhi
  • Quba
  • Derbend
  • Nakhchivan
  • Transitional Turkish Azerbaijani-Turkish
  • Eastern Anatolian Turkish
  • Meskhetian Turkish
  • Hemshen Turkish
  • Eastern Anatolian Turkish Proper (Kars, Erzurum, other regions)
  • Zaza Turkish (Turkish spoken by Zazas, not to be confused with Zaza, which is an Iranian language, Zaza substrate)
  • Kurdish Turkish (Turkish spoken by Kurds, not to be confused with Kurdish which is an Iranian language, Kurdish substrate)
  • Northeastern Anatolian Turkish (Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Ağızları)
  • Laz Turkish (Turkish spoken by Laz, do not confuse with Laz which is a Kartvelian language)
  • Trebizond (Trabzon) Turkish
  • Old Anatolian Turkish (extinct)
  • Turkish
  • Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları)
  • Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları)
  • Central (Orta Anadolu)
  • East central
  • West Central
  • Mediterranean (Akdeniz)/South (Güney)
  • Southwest (Güneybatı)
  • Southeast (Güneydoğu)
  • Black Sea (Karadeniz)/North (Kuzey)
  • Çorum, Çankırı
  • East Black Sea Coast
  • West Black Sea Coast
  • Sakarya-Izmit
  • Aegean (Ege)/West (Batı)
  • Yörük (Nomadic Anatolian Turkish)
  • Istanbul dialect (Ä°stanbul Türkçesi) (basis of Modern Standard Turkish but not identical)
  • Syrian Turkmen (Syrian Turkish)
  • Cypriot Turkish
  • Balkanic/Rumelian/Danubian
  • East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian
  • Edirne
  • West Balkanic/West Rumelian/West Danubian
  • Karamanli Turkish (Turkish of the Karamanlides, Turkish-speaking Greeks, Greek language substrate, not confuse with Cappadocian Greek, a mixed language, or the Cappadocian Greeks, although they are related) (almost extinct)
  • Balkan Gagauz Turkish (Balkan Turkic) (Rumeli Türkçesi)
  • Gajal
  • Gerlovo Turk
  • Karamanli
  • Kyzylbash
  • Surguch
  • Tozluk Turk
  • Yuruk
  • Macedonian Gagauz
  • Gagauz
  • Bulgar Gagauzi
  • Maritime Gagauzi
  • Ottoman Turkish(extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Anatolian Turkish but a heavily Persianized and Arabized Turkic language)
  • Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense
  • Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade
  • Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.
  • South Oghuz
  • Afshar (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
  • Aynallu (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
  • Qashqai (closely related to Azerbaijani)
  • Sonqori (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani)
  • Pecheneg
  • Pecheneg (Peçenek) (extinct)

Arghu

Oghur (Lir Turkic / R Turkic)

Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families

  • Hunnic / Xiongnu (?)
  • Hunnic / Hunnish - the language or languages of the Huns (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Xiongnu - the language or languages of the Xiongnu (may be the same as the Hunnic language, a closely related one, or not related at all) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Jie - the language of the Jie (in today's Northern China), might be a dialect of the Xiongnu language. (possibly the earliest attested Turkic language, or a Yeniseian language)
  • Keraite - the language or languages of the Keraites (in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Qarai Turks, the Kerey Kazakh group of the middle zhuz Argyns, the Kireis, a group of the Kyrgyz and many Torghut may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Old Naiman - the language or languages of the old Naimans (in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Pannonian Avar - the language or languages of the Pannonian Avars (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Tuoba - the language of Tuoba and possible related to Turkic languages.

Possible Mixed languages

Constructed languages

See also

References

Further reading

  • Hahn, Reinhard F. "Zhōngguó TÅ«jué yÅ­zú yÅ­yán cíhuìjí Collected glossaries of China's Turkic languages." (1992): 124-128.
  • Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan.
  • Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa.
  • Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow.
  • Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. .
  • Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge.
  • Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
  • Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
  • Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  • Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

External links