List of Sapindaceae genera

This is a list of genera in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, which includes the soapberries (Sapindus), maples (Acer), and paullinias, amongst others. As currently circumscribed, the family contains approximatively 1900 species into over 140 genera classified into 4 subfamilies.

Phylogeny and circumscription

The circumscription of Sapindaceae encompasses the former Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae families as tribes in subfamily Hippocastanoideae. Although the classification at subfamilial level is fairly well-established, the circumscription at tribal and generic level remains only partially resolved, especially in the larger subfamily Sapindoideae, which has led the most recent revision to treat the majority of these genera without placing them in a tribe. Another recent study hints at even more incongruity between traditional circumscription and molecular evidence.

Changes have included the synonymization of Distichostemon with Dodonaea, and Neotina and Tinopsis with Tina. Additionally, not all authors agree about the broad circumscription that ensues from placing Xanthoceras as the sister group to the three traditional families as the resulting Sapindaceae sensu lato, unlike the traditional families, is difficult to characterize. As a result, the elevation of Xanthoceroideae to family level was proposed, which would have removed six genera from Sapindaceae and Hippocastanoideae.

This list follows the updated classification of Buerki et al.

Subfamily Dodonaeoideae

Tribe Dodonaeae

(Kunth) DC. (1824). Type genus: Dodonaea

• Arfeuillea <small>Radlkofer</small> (1 Species; Thailand and Laos)
• Averrhoidium <small>Baill.</small> (4 Species; Mexico, Tropical South America)
• Boniodendron (2; southern China and Vietnam)
• Conchopetalum (2; Madagascar)
• Cossinia (3; Mauritius, New Caledonia)
• Diplokeleba (2 species; South America)
• Diplopeltis (5 species; Australia)
• Dodonaea (60+ species; Pantropical)
• Euchorium (1 species; Cuba)
• Euphorianthus (1; Eastern Malesia)
• Harpullia (26; India and China to Australasia)
• Hirania (1; Somalia)
• Llagunoa (3-4; Andes)
• Loxodiscus (1; New Caledonia)
• Magonia (1; Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay)
• Majidea (4-5; Africa and Madagascar)

Tribe Doratoxyleae

Radlk. 1890. Type genus: Doratoxylon

• Doratoxylon (6 species; Mauritius, Madagascar)
• Exothea (3; West Indies, Central America)
• Filicium (3-4; Madagascar, East Africa to India, Sri Lanka)
• Ganophyllum (1-2; Paleotropics)
• Hippobromus (1; Africa)
• Hypelate (1; West Indies, Florida)
• Smelophyllum (1; Cape Provinces of South Africa)
• Zanha (23; Southern Africa, Madagascar)

Incertae sedis

• †Wehrwolfea (1; Ypresian, Princeton Chert)

Subfamily Hippocastanoideae

Tribe Acereae

(Durande) Dumort. (1827). Type genus: Acer

• Acer (120+; Northern hemisphere)
• Dipteronia (2; China)

Tribe Hippocastaneae

(DC.) Dumort. (1827). Type genus: Aesculus

• Aesculus (13; Temperate Northern hemisphere)
• Billia (2; Mexico to South America)
• Handeliodendron (1; China)

Subfamily Sapindoideae

Tribe Athyaneae

Acev.‐Rodr. (2017). Type genus: Athyana

• Athyana (1; Peru, Bolivia, Argentina)
• Diatenopteryx (2; Southern South America)

Tribe Blomieae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type genus: Blomia

• Blomia (1; Mexico, Guatemala and Belize)

Tribe Bridgesieae

Acev.‐Rodr. (2017). Type genus: Bridgesia

• Bridgesia (1; Chile)

Tribe Cupanieae

Blume (1857). Type genus: Cupania

• Alectryon (25; Malesia, Australasia and Micronesia)
• Arytera (c. 28; India, Southeast Asia to Australasia)
• Castanospora (1; Australia)
• Cnesmocarpon (1; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
• Cupania (c. 50; Neotropical)
• Cupaniopsis (60; Malesia to Australasia)
• Dictyoneura (2–3; Malesia, Philippines, Australia)
• Diploglottis (12; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
• Elattostachys (c. 20; Malesia, Australasia)
• Eurycorymbus (1 species; China)
• Gloeocarpus (1; Philippines)
• Gongrodiscus (3; New Caledonia)
• Gongrospermum (3; Philippines)
• Guioa (c. 64; Southeastern Asia to Australasia)
• Jagera (2; Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia)
• Lecaniodiscus (2; Tropical Africa)
• Lepiderema (8; Australia, New Guinea)
• Lepidocupania (21; western tropical Pacific)
• Lepidopetalum (6; Malesia, Australia)
• Matayba (c. 50; Neotropical)
• Mischarytera (3; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
• Mischocarpus ( (c. 15; Southeastern Asia to Australia)
• Molinaea (c. 10; Madagascar and Mascarenes Islands)
• Neoarytera (4; New Caledonia and Vanuatu)
• Pentascyphus (1; French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil)
• Podonephelium (4; New Caledonia)
• Rhysotoechia (c. 14; Australia, Malesia)
• Sarcopteryx (12-13; Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea)
• Sarcotoechia (c. 11; Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea)
• Scyphonychium (1; Brazil, French Guiana)
• Storthocalyx (4; New Caledonia)
• Synima (2; Australia, New Guinea)
• Tina (19; Madagascar)
• Toechima (c. 8; Australia, New Guinea)
• Trigonachras (8; Non-Javanese Malesia & Lesser Sunda)
• Vouarana (2; Costa Rica to Brazil)

Tribe Guindilieae

Buerki, Callm. & Acev.‐Rodr. (2021). Type genus: Guindilia

• Guindilia (3; Southern South America)

Tribe Haplocoeleae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type genus: Haplocoelum

• Blighiopsis (1; Central Africa)
• Haplocoelum (c. 7; Tropical Africa and Madagascar)

Tribe Koelreuterieae

Radlk. (1890). Type genus: Koelreuteria

• Erythrophysa (5; South Africa, Madagascar)
• Koelreuteria (c. 4; Eastern Asia)
• Stocksia (1; Near East, Afghanistan)

Tribe Melicocceae

Blume (1847). Type genus: Melicoccus

• Dilodendron (3; Neotropical)
• Melicoccus (10; Dominican Republic, South America)
• Talisia (52; Southern Mexico to South America)
• Tripterodendron (1; Brazil)

Tribe Nephelieae

Radlk. (1890). Type genus: Nephelium

• Aporrhiza (4–6; Tropical Africa)
• Blighia (3; Tropical Africa)
• Chytranthus (25+; Western tropical Africa)
• Cubilia (1; Malesia)
• Dimocarpus (6; Southern Asia to Australia)
• Glenniea (8; Paleotropical)
• Haplocoelopsis (1; Central and East Africa)
• Laccodiscus (c. 6; West Africa)
• Litchi (1; Southeastern China to Malesia)
• Nephelium (c. 16; Southeastern Asia to Malesia)
• Otonephelium (1; Southern India)
• Pancovia (10–12; West Africa)
• Placodiscus (c. 10; Tropical Africa)
• Pometia (2; India and Pacific Islands)
• Radlkofera (1; Western Africa)
• Xerospermum (2; Bangladesh, Indochina to Eastern Malesia)

Tribe Paullinieae

(Kunth) DC. (1824). Type genus: Paullinia

• Cardiospermum (15; Pantropical)
• Lophostigma (2; Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
• Paullinia (c. 190; Neotropics & Africa)
• Serjania (c. 230; Neotropics)
• Thinouia (c. 12; Central and South America)
• Urvillea (c. 15; Central and South America)

Tribe Sapindeae

(Kunth) DC. (1824). Type genus: Sapindus

• Alatococcus (1; Brazil)
• Atalaya (12; South Africa, Australia, Malesia)
• Deinbollia (c. 38; Southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene)
• Eriocoelum (10+; Tropical Africa)
• Hornea (1; Mauritius)
• Lepisanthes (c. 24; Paleotropics, Australia)
• Porocystis (2; Brazil, French Guiana)
• Pseudima (1; Continental neotropics)
• Sapindus (c. 10; Circumtropical)
• Thouinidium (6;| Central America & Greater Antilles)
• Toulicia (12; South America)
• Tristira (1;| Philippines, Moluccas, Celebes)
• Zollingeria (3-4; Indochina, Borneo)

Tribe Schleichereae

Radlk. (1890). Type genus: Schleichera

• Amesiodendron (1–3; Southern China to Sumatra)
• Paranephelium (4; Yunnan to Malesia)
• Pavieasia (1–3; China)
• Phyllotrichum (1; Laos)
• Schleichera (1; Sri Lanka and India to Malesia)
• Sisyrolepis (1; Thailand & Cambodia)

Tribe Stadmanieae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type genus: Stadtmannia

• Beguea (1; Madagascar)
• Camptolepis (4; East Africa, Madagascar)
• Chouxia (6; Madagascar)
• Gereaua (1; Madagascar)
• Macphersonia (8; Aldabra, Madagascar, West Tropical Africa)
• Pappea (1; Southern Africa)
• Plagioscyphus (c. 10; Madagascar)
• Pseudopteris (3; Madagascar)
• Stadtmannia (6; East Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius)
• Tsingya (1; Madagascar)

Tribe Thouiniaeae

Blume (1847). Type genus: Thouinia

• Allophylastrum (1; Brazil, Guyana)
• Allophylus (211; Pantropical)
• Thouinia (c. 30; West indies, Central America)

Tribe Tristiropsideae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type genus: Tristiropsis

• Tristiropsis (3; Malesia & Australasia)

Tribe Ungnadieae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type genus: Ungnadia

• Delavaya (1; China)
• Ungnadia (1; Mexico, Texas)

Subfamily Xanthoceratoideae

• Xanthoceras (1; China)

Incertae sedis

• Bizonula (1 species; Gabon)
• Chonopetalum (1; Equatorial Guinea)
• Gloeocarpus (1; tropical Africa)
• Gongrospermum (1; tropical Africa)
• Lychnodiscus (c. 7; tropical Africa)
• Namataea (1; Nigeria and Cameroon)
• Omalocarpus (1; Madagascar)
• Porocystis (2; Guianas and northern Brazil)
• Pseudopancovia (1; West Equatorial Africa)

Fossil genera

A number of fossil genera have been placed within Sapindaceae, many being morphogenera and lacking subfamilial identification

Foliage morphogenera

• †Aesculiphyllum (leaves)
• †Bohlenia (leaves)
• †Monopleurophyllum (leaves)
• †Negundoides (leaves)
• †Nephelites (leaves)
• †Sapindiphyllum (leaves)
• †Sapindophyllum (leaves)

Fruit and seed morphogenera

• †Cupanites (fruits)
• †Cupanoides (fruits)
• †Dodonaeaecarpum (fruits)
• †Dodonaeites (fruits)
• †Euphoriaecarpum (fruits)
• †Euphoriopsis (fruits & leaves)
• †Palaealectryon (seeds)
• †Palaeallophylus (seeds)
• †Sapindaceaecarpum (fruits)
• †Sapindoidea (seeds)
• †Sapindospermum (seeds)

Pollen and cone morphogenera

• †Aceripollenites (pollen)
• †Sapindoidites (pollen)
• †Sapindostrobus (cones)
• †Talisiipites (pollen)

Wood morphogenera

• †Acerinium (wood)
• †Aceroxylon (wood)
• †Aesculoxylon (wood)
• †Djambioxylon (wood)
• †Euphorioxylon (wood)
• †Fraasia (wood)
• †Matayboxylon (wood)
• †Pometioxylon (wood)
• †Sapindopsoxylon (wood)
• †Sapindoxylon (wood)
• †Schleicheroxylon (wood)
• †Schmiedeliopsis (wood)

Notes

References