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List of Crusades

Crusades include the traditional numbered crusades and other conflicts that prominent historians have self-identified as crusades. The scope of the term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended by decision to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. According to historian Thomas F. Madden:

This list first discusses the traditional numbered crusades, with the various lesser-known crusades interspersed. The later crusades in the Levant through the 16th century are then listed. This is followed by lists of the crusades against the Byzantine empire, crusades that may have been pilgrimages, popular crusades, crusades against heretics and schismatics, political crusades, the Northern Crusades, crusades in the Iberian peninsula, Italian crusades and planned crusades that were never executed. Comprehensive studies of the Crusades in toto include Murray's The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, Stephen Runciman's A History of the Crusades, 3 volumes (1951–1954),, and the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989).

Crusades to the Holy Land (1095–1291)

The conflicts that are usually associated with crusades in the Holy Land begin with the Council of Clermont in 1095 and end with the loss of Acre in 1291. These include the numbered Crusades (First through Eighth or Ninth) with numerous smaller crusades intermixed. One of the first to view the Crusades as a movement was English historian Thomas Fuller (1608–1661), whose Historie of the Holy Warre (1639) identified crusades as the Holy War consisting of "Voyages," numbering One through Thirteen, plus a Last Voyage and two additional Holy Wars. These Voyages include the First through Eighth Crusades in current numbering. Shortly thereafter, French Jesuit Louis Maimbourg (1610–1686) published his Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (1675), identify the First through Fifth Crusades. In his work The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, historian Alan V. Murray further explains the traditional numbering of crusades:

The list of the Crusades to the Holy Land from 1095 through 1291 is as follows.

Later Crusades (1291–1699)

The crusades continued in the Levant from the thirteenth through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are Kenneth Setton's ' (1975), and two works by Norman Housley:The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992) and The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700 (1995). Barbara Tuchman's A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (1978) provides an interesting perspective on both the crusades and the general history of the era. A nineteenth-century reference often cited is Joseph François Michaud's Histoire des Croisades (1812–1822), translation by William Robson.

Crusades against the Byzantine Empire

Crusades against the Byzantine empire began shortly after the First Crusade and continued throughout its existence. These include the following. There had been similar crusades against other states of the Byzantine commonwealth.

Crusades also referred to as pilgrimages

Some pilgrimages are referred to as crusades, especially if the journey resulted in some military activity. Some examples include the following.

Popular Crusades

The Popular Crusades were generated by enthusiasm for crusading, but unsanctioned by the Church.

Northern Crusades

The Northern Crusades (1150–1560), also known as Baltic Crusades, occurred in northern Europe at the same time as the traditional crusades.

Crusades against Mongol-Tatar states

Crusades in the Iberian Peninsula

Crusades in the Iberian peninsula, known as the Reconquista, from 722 to 1492.

Between 1113–1115, the Mallorca Crusade led by the Republic of Pisa took place which is also known as the Balearic Islands Expedition. The Granada War (1482–1491) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491, during the reign of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.

Crusades against heretics

The Crusades against Christian heretics and schismatics include the following.

Political Crusades

Political crusades include the following.

Italian Crusades

Crusades against Italian republics and cities, and Sicily. These are documented in the work by British historian Norman Housley, The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (1982).

Planned Crusades

In the 14th century, much work was done to call for a new crusade to recapture Jerusalem. This includes proposals by Benedetto Accolti, Martin Luther's On War Against the Turk, Francis Bacon's Advertisement Touching on a Holy Warre, and Leibnitz' Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV. In addition, there were other crusades that did not leave the planning stage, including the following.

Consolidated list

The consolidated list of the Crusades to the Holy Land from 1095 through 1578 is as follows.

Eleventh century
Twelfth century
  • Crusade of 1101 (1101–1102) (Crusade of the Faint-Hearted)
  • Crusade of Emperor Henry IV (1103)
  • Crusade of Bohemond of Taranto (1107–1108)
  • Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110) (Crusade of Sigurd Jorsalfar)
  • Mallorca Crusade (1113–1115) (Balearic Islands Expedition)
  • Crusade or Pilgrimage of Fulk V of Anjou (1120–1122)
  • Venetian Crusade (1122–1124) (Crusade of Calixtus II)
  • Crusade of Conrad III (1124)
  • Political Crusade against Roger II of Sicily (1127–1135)
  • Crusade of 1129 (Damascus Crusade)
  • Second Crusade (1147–1150)
  • Wendish Crusade (1147)
  • Crusading Project against Byzantium (1149–1150)
  • Pilgrimage of Rognvald Kali Kolsson (1151–1153) (Crusade of Rognvald Kali Kolsson)
  • Crusader Invasions of Egypt (1154–1169)
  • Swedish Crusades (1150s–1293)
  • Crusade or Pilgrimage of Henry the Lion (1172)
  • Crusade to the East of Philip of Flanders (1177)
  • Third Crusade (1189–1192)
  • Danish Crusades (1191, 1293)
  • Livonian Crusades (1193–1287)
  • Crusade of Emperor Henry VI (1197–1198)
  • Crusades against Livonians (1198–1209)
  • Crusade against Markward von Anweiler (1199)
Thirteenth century
  • Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) (Unholy Crusade)
  • Crusade against the Bulgars (1205)
  • Crusades against the Oeselians (1206–1261)
  • Papal Quarrel with John Lackland (1208)
  • Conquest of the Estonian Hinderland (1208–1226)
  • Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229) (Cathar Crusade)
  • Children's Crusade (1212)
  • A Political Crusade in England (1215–1217)
  • Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)
  • Crusade against Semigallians (1219–1290)
  • Crusade against Frederick II (1220–1241)
  • Prussian Crusades (1222–1274)
  • Crusade of William VI of Montferrat (1225)
  • Sixth Crusade (1228–1229) (Crusade of Emperor Frederick II)
  • Drenther Crusade (1228–1232)
  • Crusade of John of Brienne in Apulia (1229)
  • Crusade against the Stedinger (1233–1234) (Stedinger Crusade)
  • Bogomils Crusades (1234, 1252)
  • Bosnian Crusade (1235–1241)
  • Barons' Crusade (1239–1241) (Crusade of 1239)
  • Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre (1239–1240)
  • Crusade to Tzurulum (1239)
  • Crusade of Richard of Cornwall (1240–1241)
  • Genoese Crusade against Savona and Albenga (1240)
  • Crusade against the Mongols (1241)
  • Crusade against Curonians (1242–1267)
  • Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) (Crusade of Louis IX of France to the East)
  • Pope Innocent IV's Crusade against Frederick II (1248)
  • Crusade against Sicily (1248)
  • Crusade against Conrad IV (1250)
  • First Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
  • Crusade against Manfred of Sicily (1255–1266)
  • Crusade against Ezzelino III da Romano (1256)
  • Crusade Preached against the Mongols in Syria (1260)
  • Anti-Byzantine Crusades (1261–1320)
  • Another Political Crusade in England (1263–1265)
  • Crusade of Odo of Burgundy (1265–1266)
  • Crusade of Charles of Anjou against Lucera (1268)
  • Crusade against Conradin, nominal king of Jerusalem (1268)
  • Crusade of James I of Aragon (1269–1270)
  • Eighth Crusade (1270) (Crusade of Louis IX of France to Tunis)
  • Lord Edward's Crusade (1271–1272) (Crusade of Lord Edward of England, the Ninth Crusade, or the Last Crusade)
  • Plans for a Joint Latin-Greek Crusade (1274–1276)
  • Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg (1275)
  • Lithuanian Crusades (1284–1435)
  • Crusade against the Aragonese (1284–1285) (Aragonese Crusade, or Crusade of Aragon)
  • Siege of Acre (1291)
  • Crusade against Frederick III of Sicily (1298, 1299, 1302).
  • Crusade against the Colonna Cardinals (1298)
Fourteenth century
  • Expedition of the Almogavars (1301–1311)
  • Hospitaller Crusade (1306–1310) (Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes)
  • Crusade of the Poor (1309) (Crusade of 1309 or the Shepards' Crusade of 1309)
  • Crusade against the Venetians (1309)
  • Crusade of Clement V (1309)
  • Crusade against the Aragonese (1309)
  • French Plans for Crusade (1317–1333)
  • Crusade of Philip V (1317–1322)
  • Second Shepherds' Crusade (1320) (The Pastoreaux of 1320)
  • Crusade against Frederico I of Montefeltro (1321–1322)
  • Crusade against Ferrara, Milan and the Ghibellines (1321–1322) (Anti-Ghibelline Crusades)
  • Crusade against the Arogonese (1321–1322)
  • Crusade of Charles IV (1322–1328)
  • Crusade against the Emperor Louis IV (1328–1329)
  • Crusade against the Catalan Grand Company (1330–1332) (Anti-Catalan Crusade)
  • Crusade of Philip VI (1330–1332)
  • The Naval Crusade of the Holy League (1332–1333)
  • The Holy League of Clement VI (1343)
  • Smyrniote Crusades (1343–1351)
  • Smyrna Crusade (1344)
  • Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois (1346)
  • Crusade of Magnus Eriksson (1347–1351)
  • Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi (1355–1357)
  • Crusade against Bernabò Visconti (1362–1363)
  • Crusade of Peter I de Lusignan (1362–1365)
  • Crusade of Urban V (1363–1364)
  • Alexandrian Crusade (1365)
  • Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy (Savoyard crusade) (1366–1367)
  • The Great Schism and the Crusades (1382–1387).
  • Crusade against Charles III of Naples (1382)
  • Despenser's Crusade (1383) (Norwich Crusade)
  • Crusade of John of Gaunt (1387).
  • Mahdia Crusade (1390) (Barbary Crusade or Crusade of Louis II de Bourbon against Mahdia)
  • Crusade of Nicopolis (1396)
  • Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople (1399)
Fifteenth century
  • Crusades against the Hussites (1420–1431)
  • First Anti-Hussite Crusade (1420)
  • Second Anti-Hussite Crusade (1421–1422)
  • Third Anti-Hussite Crusade (1423–1424)
  • Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1426–1428)
  • Crusade of Joan of Arc (1430)
  • Fifth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1431)
  • Crusade of Varna (1443–1444)
  • Crusades to Recover Constantinople (1453–1460)
  • Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456)
  • Genoese Crusade to defend Chios (1455–1457)
  • Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456) (Siege of Belgrade)
  • Occupation of Sporades (1457)
  • Crusade of Pius II (1464)
  • Siege of Rhodes (1480)
  • The Anti-Turkish Crusade (1480–1481)
  • Crusade of Otranto (1481)
  • Granada War (1482–1491)
  • The Waldensian Crusade in the Dauphine (1487–1491)
  • Spanish Crusade in North Africa (1499–1510)
Sixteenth century
  • Siege of Rhodes (1522)
  • Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers (1541) (Algiers Expedition)
  • Spanish Crusade to Mahdia (1550)
  • Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco (1578) (Battle of Alcácer Quibir or the Battle of Three Kings)
Seventeenth century

See also

References

Bibliography