The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants (anthophytes), belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system. One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority).
The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.
The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).
Six families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
Brassicaceae
Family: Brassicaceae,
Alyssum
Genus Alyssum:
Aplanodes
Genus Aplanodes:
Arabidopsis
Genus Arabidopsis:
Barbarea
Genus Barbarea:
Brachycarpaea
Genus Brachycarpaea:
Brassica
Genus Brassica:
- Brassica elongata Ehrh. subsp, elongata, not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch, not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica rapa L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica tournefortii Gouan, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Camelina
Genus Camelina:
Capsella
Genus Capsella:
Cardamine
Genus Cardamine:
Cardaria
Genus Cardaria:
Chamira
Genus Chamira:
Cheiranthus
Genus Cheiranthus:
Coronopus
Genus Coronopus:
Crambe
Genus Crambe:
Cycloptychis
Genus Cycloptychis:
Descurainia
Genus Descurainia:
Diplotaxis
Genus Diplotaxis:
- Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. not indigenous, naturalised
- Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. subsp, muralis, not indigenous, naturalised
Eruca
Genus Eruca:
Erucastrum
Genus Erucastrum:
Heliophila
Genus Heliophila:
- Heliophila acuminata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
- Heliophila adpressa O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila affinis Sond. endemic
- Heliophila africana (L.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila alpina Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila amplexicaulis L.f. endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, acocksii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, agtertuinensis (O.E.Schulz) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, arenaria, endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, glabrescens (O.E.Schulz) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila arenosa Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila brachycarpa Meisn. endemic
- Heliophila brassicifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
- Heliophila bulbostyla P.E.Barnes, endemic
- Heliophila callosa (L.f.) DC. endemic
- Heliophila carnosa (Thunb.) Steud. indigenous
- Heliophila cedarbergensis Marais, endemic
- Heliophila cinerea Marais, endemic
- Heliophila collina O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila concatenata Sond. endemic
- Heliophila cornellsbergia B.J.Pienaar & Nicholas, endemic
- Heliophila cornuta Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila cornuta Sond. var, cornuta, indigenous
- Heliophila cornuta Sond. var, squamata (Schltr.) Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila coronopifolia L. indigenous
- Heliophila crithmifolia Willd. indigenous
- Heliophila cuneata Marais, endemic
- Heliophila descurva Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila deserticola Schltr. var, deserticola, indigenous
- Heliophila deserticola Schltr. var, micrantha A.Schreib. indigenous
- Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. indigenous
- Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. var, diffusa, endemic
- Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. var, flacca (Sond.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila digitata L.f. endemic
- Heliophila dregeana Sond. endemic
- Heliophila elata Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila elata Sond. var, elata, endemic
- Heliophila elata Sond. var, pillansii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila elongata (Thunb.) DC. endemic
- Heliophila ephemera P.A.Bean, endemic
- Heliophila esterhuyseniae Marais, endemic
- Heliophila eximia Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila filicaulis Marais, endemic
- Heliophila formosa Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Heliophila gariepina Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila glauca Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila hurkana Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila juncea (P.J.Bergius) Druce, endemic
- Heliophila katbergensis Marais, endemic
- Heliophila laciniata Marais, endemic
- Heliophila lactea Schltr. indigenous
- Heliophila latisiliqua E.Mey. ex Sond. var, latisiliqua, accepted as Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, thunbergii, present
- Heliophila latisiliqua E.Mey. ex Sond. var, macrostylis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Marais, accepted as Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, macrostylis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) B.Nord. present
- Heliophila leptophylla Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila linearifolia Burch. ex DC. var, filifolia Sond. accepted as Heliophila coronopifolia L.
- Heliophila linearis DC. endemic
- Heliophila linearis DC. var, linearifolia (Burch. ex DC.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila linearis DC. var, linearis, endemic
- Heliophila linearis DC. var, reticulata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila linoides Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila macowaniana Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila macra Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila macrosperma Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila maraisiana Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila meyeri Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila meyeri Sond. var, meyeri, endemic
- Heliophila meyeri Sond. var, minor Marais, endemic
- Heliophila minima (Stephens) Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila monosperma Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila namaquana Bolus, endemic
- Heliophila namaquensis (Marais) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila nubigena Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila patens Oliv. endemic
- Heliophila pectinata Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila pendula Willd. endemic
- Heliophila pinnata L.f. endemic
- Heliophila promontorii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila pubescens Burch. ex Sond. endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. indigenous
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, lanceolata (Adamson) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, macrosperma Marais, endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, pusilla, endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, setacea (Schltr.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila ramosissima O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila refracta Sond. endemic
- Heliophila remotiflora O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila rigidiuscula Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila rimicola Marais, endemic
- Heliophila scandens Harv. endemic
- Heliophila schulzii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. var, aspera (Schltr.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. var, scoparia, endemic
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. var, marlothii (O.E.Schulz) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. var, nigellifolia (Schltr.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. var, seselifolia, indigenous
- Heliophila suavissima Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila suborbicularis Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila subulata Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila tabularis Wolley-Dod, endemic
- Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. indigenous
- Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, macrostylis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) B.Nord. endemic
- Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, thunbergii, endemic
- Heliophila tricuspidata Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila trifurca Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila tulbaghensis Schinz, endemic
- Heliophila variabilis Burch. ex DC. indigenous
Hirschfeldia
Genus Hirschfeldia:
Hymenolobus
Genus Hymenolobus:
Lepidium
Genus Lepidium:
- Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. indigenous
- Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp, africanum, indigenous
- Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp, divaricatum (Aiton) Jonsell, indigenous
- Lepidium basuticum Marais, indigenous
- Lepidium bipinnatum Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium bonariense L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Lepidium campestre R.Br. not indigenous, naturalised
- Lepidium capense Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium desertorum Eckl. & Zeyh. indigenous
- Lepidium draba L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Lepidium ecklonii Schrad. endemic
- Lepidium flexuosum Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium mossii Thell. endemic
- Lepidium myriocarpum Sond. indigenous
- Lepidium pinnatum Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium schinzii Thell. indigenous
- Lepidium schlechteri Thell. endemic
- Lepidium suluense Marais, indigenous
- Lepidium transvaalense Marais, indigenous
- Lepidium trifurcum Sond. indigenous
- Lepidium virginicum L. not indigenous, naturalised
Lobularia
Genus Lobularia:
Matthiola
Genus Matthiola:
Nasturtium
Genus Nasturtium:
Raphanus
Genus Raphanus:
Rapistrum
Genus Rapistrum:
Rorippa
Genus Rorippa:
Schlechteria
Genus Schlechteria:
Silicularia
Genus Silicularia:
Sinapis
Genus Sinapis:
Sisymbrium
Genus Sisymbrium:
Thlaspeocarpa
Genus Thlaspeocarpa:
Thlaspi
Genus Thlaspi:
Turritis
Genus Turritis:
Capparaceae
Family: Capparaceae,
Bachmannia
Genus Bachmannia:
Boscia
Genus Boscia:
- Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Boscia angustifolia A.Rich. var, corymbosa (Gilg) DeWolf, indigenous
- Boscia filipes Gilg, accepted as Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, filipes (Gilg) Lotter, present
- Boscia foetida Schinz, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, filipes (Gilg) Lotter, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, foetida, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, longipedicellata (Gilg) Toelken, endemic
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, minima Toelken, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, rehmanniana (Pestal.) Toelken, indigenous
- Boscia mossambicensis Klotzsch, indigenous
- Boscia oleoides (Burch. ex DC.) Toelken, endemic
Cadaba
Genus Cadaba:
Capparis
Genus Capparis:
- Capparis brassii DC. indigenous
- Capparis fascicularis DC. indigenous
- Capparis fascicularis DC. var, fascicularis, indigenous
- Capparis fascicularis DC. var, zeyheri (Turcz.) Toelken, endemic
- Capparis sepiaria L. indigenous
- Capparis sepiaria L. var, citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken, indigenous
- Capparis sepiaria L. var, subglabra (Oliv.) DeWolf, indigenous
- Capparis tomentosa Lam. indigenous
Cladostemon
Genus Cladostemon:
Courbonia
Genus Courbonia:
Maerua
Genus Maerua:
- Maerua angolensis DC. indigenous
- Maerua angolensis DC. subsp, angolensis, indigenous
- Maerua brevipetiolata Killick, indigenous
- Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax, indigenous
- Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) DeWolf, indigenous
- Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf, indigenous
- Maerua gilgii Schinz, indigenous
- Maerua juncea Pax, indigenous
- Maerua juncea Pax subsp, crustata (Wild) Wild, indigenous
- Maerua nervosa (Hochst.) Oliv. endemic
- Maerua parvifolia Pax, indigenous
- Maerua racemulosa (A.DC.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Maerua schinzii Pax, indigenous
Thilachium
Genus Thilachium:
Cleomaceae
Family: Cleomaceae,
Cleome
Genus Cleome:
- Cleome angustifolia Forssk. indigenous
- Cleome angustifolia Forssk. subsp, diandra (Burch.) Kers, indigenous
- Cleome angustifolia Forssk. subsp, petersiana (Klotzsch ex Sond.) Kers, indigenous
- Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv. indigenous
- Cleome conrathii Burtt Davy, indigenous
- Cleome foliosa Hook.f. indigenous
- Cleome foliosa Hook.f. var, lutea (Sond.) Codd & Kers, indigenous
- Cleome gynandra L. indigenous
- Cleome hassleriana Chodat, accepted as Tarenaya hassleriana (Chodat) Iltis, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Cleome hirta (Klotzsch) Oliv. indigenous
- Cleome kalachariensis (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Cleome macrophylla (Klotzsch) Briq. indigenous
- Cleome maculata (Sond.) Szyszyl. indigenous
- Cleome monophylla L. indigenous
- Cleome oxyphylla Burch. indigenous
- Cleome oxyphylla Burch. var, oxyphylla, indigenous
- Cleome oxyphylla Burch. var, robusta Kers, endemic
- Cleome paxii (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Cleome rubella Burch. indigenous
- Cleome schlechteri Briq. endemic
Tarenaya
Genus Tarenaya:
Resedaceae
Family: Resedaceae,
Oligomeris
Genus Oligomeris:
Reseda
Genus Reseda:
- Reseda lutea L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Reseda lutea L. subsp, lutea var, nutans, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Salvadoraceae
Family: Salvadoraceae,
Azima
Genus Azima:
Salvadora
Genus Salvadora:
Tropaeolaceae
Family: Tropaeolaceae,
Tropaeolum
Genus Tropaeolum:
References