Liliom is a 1909 play by the Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnár. It was well known in its own right during the early to mid-20th century, but is best known today as the basis for the Rodgers and Hammerstein 1945 musical Carousel.
The play takes place partly in Budapest, Hungary, and partly in a waiting area just outside Heaven. The story concerns Liliom, a tough, cocky carousel barker who falls in love with Julie, a young woman who works as a maid. When both lose their jobs, Liliom begins mistreating Julie out of bitternessâÂÂeven slapping her onceâÂÂalthough he loves her. When she discovers she is pregnant, he is deliriously happy, but, unbeknownst to Julie, he agrees to participate with his friend Ficsur, a criminal, in a holdup to obtain money to provide for the child. Liliom is unwilling to leave Julie and return to his jealous former employer, the carousel owner Mrs. Muskat, and feels the robbery is his only way to obtain financial security. The holdup is a disaster, but Ficsur escapes, and Liliom kills himself to avoid capture. He is sent to a fiery place, presumably Purgatory. Sixteen years later, he is allowed to return to Earth for one day to do a good deed for his now teenage daughter, Louise, whom he has never met. If he succeeds, he will be allowed to enter Heaven. He fails in the attempt, and is presumably sent to Hell. The ending, though, focuses on Julie, who remembers Liliom fondly.
A contrasting subplot involves Julie's friend, Marie, and Wolf Beifeld, a rather pompous hotel porter who marries Marie and finally becomes the wealthy owner of the hotel at which he once worked. The two eventually have seven children, who do not appear onstage. A carpenter is also in unrequited love with Julie, and, unlike Liliom, has a stable job.
Liliom was a failure in Hungary when it was staged there in 1909, but not when it was staged on Broadway in Benjamin Glazer's English translation in 1921. The Theatre Guild production starred Joseph Schildkraut and Eva Le Gallienne, with supporting roles played by such actors as Dudley Digges, Edgar Stehli, Henry Travers, and Helen Westley.
In 1939, Orson Welles directed and played the title role in a one-hour radio adaptation for his CBS program The Campbell Playhouse. The production costarred Helen Hayes as Julie and Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Muskat. It was broadcast live on October 22.
In 1945, at the suggestion of the Theatre Guild (which had produced the 1921 and 1932 productions of Liliom as well as the original Oklahoma!), Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II wrote Carousel, an American musical adaptation of Liliom. It was also produced by the Theatre Guild and became one of the great classics of musical theatre. Even though the musical adaptation took liberties with Molnár's play, changing the ending so that the ex-barker successfully helps Louise upon his return to Earth, Molnár applauded Carousel. Louise is made more poignant in the musical, in which she is snobbishly taunted and rejected because her father was a thief. It is the Liliom character who finally gives her the confidence she needs to face life. In Carousel, the characters of Marie and Wolf Beifeld in Liliom become Carrie Pipperidge and Mr. Snow, who, a fisherman in the musical, is made even more pompous than in the original play. His children are the ones who so viciously taunt Louise, although, to keep Carrie a sympathetic character, she is totally unaware of this; in contrast to Mr. Snow, she even supports a potential budding romantic relationship between their eldest son and Louise. (The relationship is quickly cut short when Mr. Snow's son insults Louise by saying that marrying her would be "beneath his station".)
Carousel also Americanizes the story, setting it in Maine in the late 19th century, and including a New England clam bake as the setting for some of the more cheerful songs in the show. Most of the other characters' names were also changed. Liliom became Billy Bigelow, Ficsur became Jigger Craigin, and Mother Hollunder, the boarding house keeper, became Julie's cousin Nettie. There is no carpenter character in Carousel.
Liliom has a layer of social commentary that Carousel deliberately omits. The intended holdup victim in Molnar's play, a payroll clerk named Linzman, is Jewish, as is Wolf Beifeld. In Carousel, Linzman becomes Mr. Bascombe, the wealthy owner of the cotton mill where Julie once worked.
In Liliom, Liliom encounters Linzman only once, during the robbery. In Carousel, Billy Bigelow has met Bascombe much earlier. Bascombe finds him and Julie together and kindly offers not to fire Julie, who has stayed out past the mill workers' curfew, if she allows him (Bascombe) to take her back to the mill. She gently refuses.
But Carousel faithfully retains many elements of Liliom, unusually in the 1940s for a musical play based on such a serious drama. Molnár's basic plotline for Liliom and Julie is largely intact, as is much of his dialogue (although Hammerstein makes it more colloquial and gives it a New England flavor). Like Liliom, Billy Bigelow is a womanizer and an abusive husband, though it is implied that he has hit his wife only once and that other characters erroneously believe that he is a habitual wife-beater. In Glazer's translation of the play, Liliom claims he only hit her once, and Julie publicly downplays what happened, but she later says he beat her "on the breast and on the head and face", and her closing line, which ends the play, is, "It is possible, dearâÂÂthat someone may beat you and beat you and beat youâÂÂand not hurt you at all", indicating that it happened more than once. Julie's final line in Carousel, which does not close the play, is "It is possible, dearâÂÂfer [sic] someone to hit youâÂÂhit you hardâÂÂand not hurt at all", removing the reference to multiple beatings.
Carousel also retains the attempted robbery scene, and, like Liliom, Billy deliberately stabs himself. In the film adaptation, Billy falls on his knife while trying to get away and does not commit suicide.
In December 2011, a ballet adaptation of Liliom, with music by Oscar-winning composer Michel Legrand, was premiered by the Hamburg Ballet, and starred Alina Cojocaru as Julie. In this version, Liliom's child is changed from being a girl to a boy (Louis instead of Louise).
A stage adaptation by Andrei ÃÂerban and Daniela Dima, Carousel, also based on Fritz Lang's 1934 Liliom, has played at Bucharest's Bulandra Theatre since 2015.
Liliom has been filmed several times, beginning in the silent era:
These first two talking film versions of Molnar's original play also alter the ending to make it more hopeful, though not as drastically as Carousel does. (A Trip to Paradise also featured a happy ending.) In the 1934 French film, Liliom finally does gain entry into Heaven, not because he has successfully done something good for his daughter, but because of Julie's forgiveness and love for him. Likewise, in the 1930 American film version, Liliom feels that he has failed, but the Heavenly Magistrate (H. B. Warner) reassures him that he has not, because Julie clearly still loves him. But it is never revealed in this version whether or not Liliom actually enters Heaven.
By contrast, in the original stage play, Liliom is ominously and sternly led offstage after he fails in his heavenly mission and is never seen or heard from again, although Julie still remembers him fondly.
Liliom is the Hungarian word for lily, derived from the Latin lilium. Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.
"Liliom" is just a stage name. To the police he gives his "real" name, Andreas Zavoczki.
In the 1950 film All About Eve, Eve Harrington says that she and her boyfriend Eddie acted in a small Milwaukee production of Liliom and that she was "awful".