The Laudario di Cortona (Cortona, Biblioteca del Comune e dell'Accademia Etrusca, Ms. 91) is a musical codex (manuscript book) from the second half of the 13th century containing a collection of laude. It is the oldest known source of music in the Italian language, and the only such source from the thirteenth century. It is one of only two sources of Italian laude to contain musical notation.
The manuscript contains 66 laude of which only the first 44 have notated music. In a section inserted subsequently there are a further two laude with their music, making 46 in total. The first sixteen are in praise of Mary, while the remainder roughly follow the feast days of the liturgical year. They are without doubt part of a larger repertoire of laude that predated the manuscript. There is evidence that some of the Cortona laude are modified versions of pre-existing laude which have been given extra verses or had verses removed.
The precise date of the manuscript is uncertain, but it appears to have been copied between 1270 and 1297. The manuscript belonged to the fraternity of Santa Maria delle Laude at the church of San Francesco in Cortona, Italy. It was found in 1876, discarded and in poor condition, by Girolamo Mancini, who was the librarian of the Biblioteca del Comune e dell'Accademia Etrusca di Cortona. He donated it to the Cortona library in which it is now kept.
There is, however, a significant problem in transcribing and performing the repertoire in the manuscript. It is "chock full of errors" in the words of one scholar. For example, there are numerous places where the scribe appears to have used the wrong clef, resulting in unlikely jumps in the melodic line.
The music is notated in square black plainchant notation, entirely without accidentals which would presumably been inserted automatically in performance. However, this lack of accidentals poses significant problems for modern reconstruction of the melodies.
The music is simple and melodious â it has what Karp calls a 'sturdy charm'. Typically, the laudi are of the form of a ripresa (chorus) and strophes (verses). The ripresa is a short, with two or four lines, and the strophe is longer, with up to eight lines. The music for the verse and ripresa sections are completely different from one another. Many of the Cortona laudi follow this pattern. Another common group has a simpler structure with just two alternating musical phrases.
Only the refrain and the first of the strophes are provided with music. Unfortunately, there are many instances where subsequent strophes fit the music badly, due having to the wrong number of syllables to fit the notated music, and this poses one of the many difficulties in editing and performing these works.
But the main problem, as with all notated music of this period, is that the notation gives the pitch of the note but not its duration. This has led some musicologists to publish rhythmless editions of the music using equal note values, on the basis that, as van der Weff put it, "they were of more or less equal duration." However, the conviction that there was a strong rhythmic element to the laude, based on contemporary references, led other musicologists to investigate possible ways of reconstructing their metre and rhythms using the patterns of stress in the syllables of the text. Unfortunately, this process can still yield several equally plausible versions of the same melody, as Daolmi has demonstrated. This means that any performing version of the laude is conjectural to some extent.
The first modern edition was published by Fernando Liuzzi in 1935. This edition has been criticised for many editorial interventions. Liuzzi added key signatures and a great number of accidentals to a repertoire in which none were notated. He even added performance directions such as Mosso con fierezza, which, as one commentator has pointed out, seem more appropriate to the nineteenth century than the thirteenth. Since then there have been several further editions : Pellegrino M. Ernetti and Laura Rossi Leidi (1980), Luigi Lucchi (1987), Clemente Terni (1988), Martin Dürrer (1996), and Hans Tischler (2002).
Works found in other manuscripts