Laṇḍā scripts

The LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ scripts, from the term laÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ meaning "without a tail", is a Punjabi word used to refer to writing systems used in Punjab and adjoining areas. In Sindhi, it was known as 'WÃÂÃ¡Â¹Âiko' or 'BaniyaÃÂ±'.

Development

LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ is a script that evolved from the Sharada script during the 10th century. It was widely used in the northern and northwestern Indian subcontinent, in the Indus River plain, and adjoining areas, comprising Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, and some parts of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was used to write languages including Punjabi in its various dialects and registers, languages of Haryana, Sindhi, Balochi, Kashmiri, and Pashto.

The LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ scripts form a "typologically distinct group," and are closer in norms to its predecessor BrÃÂhmÃÂ« than they are to the NÃÂgarÃÂ« scripts to the east, in their general avoidance of conjunct glyphs or marking of the Middle Indo-Aryan geminations distinctive of PanjÃÂbÃÂ«. While possessing full sets of consonants, even separate letters for the common LahndÃÂ consonant clusters tr and dr, their indication of vowels is less regular; they possess three vowel letters to indicate initial /ÃÂ ÃÂª ÃÂ/, but no letters or signs in other positions, thus being "alphabetical on the restricted Semitic model of Ugaritic cuneiform."

Functions

Landa scripts were originally used as shorthand for commercial purposes in the Punjab region and Sindh; they often lacked the full set of vowel sounds, as well as often imperfect correspondence of consonants. This made them liable to misreadings, frequently recognized by the local population through local proverbs referring to its usefulness only to the original writer. Various technical improvements would make certain descendant scripts fully suitable for literary use, primarily motivated by interest in recording religious scripture, particularly in the cases of GurmukhÃÂ« in Punjab, and KhojkÃÂ« in Sindh.

Variants

The LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ scripts was first classified by George Abraham Grierson. Pandey (2010) further classifies LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ scripts into "PanjÃÂbÃÂ«" and "SindhÃÂ«" regional subclasses:

PanjÃÂbÃÂ«: GurmukhÃÂ«, BahÃÂwalpurÃÂ«, LamawasÃÂ« (in Pindi Bhattian and Chunian), Lundas (in Sialkot and Wazirabad) MultÃÂnÃÂ« (also known as KiÃ¡Â¹ÂakkÃÂ« and SarÃÂÃÂ«), Parachi (in Bhera and Khushab), Thul, Sarika (both in Derajat), Uch (in Massan, Jhang)
SindhÃÂ« (named after the various regions, communities, or occupations with which they were associated): AroÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂ, BaniyÃÂ, BhatiÃÂ, HaidarÃÂbÃÂdÃÂ«, KaradÃÂ«, KhudÃÂwÃÂdÃÂ«, KhwÃÂjÃÂ (KhojkÃÂ«), HaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂÃÂ«, HaÃ¡Â¹ÂavÃÂÃ¡Â¹ÂikÃÂ, LaraÃÂ«, LohÃÂÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂkÃÂ« (LohÃÂÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂ), Maimon, RajaÃÂ«, Sakkar, ShikÃÂrpurÃÂ«, SewhanÃÂ« Bhabhira, Thatta (Thattai), VaniyÃÂ, WangaÃÂ«, WÃÂÃ¡Â¹Âiko

Grammarians of the 19th century variously identified as many as six LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ forms used in Punjab and as many as twelve in Sindh. Further typological differences used in this subclassification include:

character repertoire: the LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ character sets of the SindhÃÂ« class possess characters for the implosive consonants of the language;
character shapes: common letters can be identified by subclass depending on shape;
collation: PanjÃÂbÃÂ« LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ shares GurmukhÃÂ«'s sorting order, starting with vowels, then fricatives sa and ha, then the 5ÃÂ5 set of occlusives, then sonorants, while SindhÃÂ« LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ follows DevanÃÂgarÃÂ« more closely; and
orthographic norms: PanjÃÂbÃÂ« LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ do not use dependent vowel diacritics, the approximate vowel letter is written after the consonant letter, e.g. the syllable /ki/ is written with the letter 'k' followed by the letter 'i'. After standardization, dependent vowel diacritics were introduced into SindhÃÂ« LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ.

Even within these subclasses, the scripts exhibit further differences.

Fully attested

Currently, five LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ-descended scripts have enough information to be supported in Unicode.

GurmukhÃÂ« is used for PanjÃÂbÃÂ« and sometimes for SindhÃÂ«. Originally used in Sikh scripture and writings, it is the only major LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ-descended script in modern day usage. It has preserved the distinctive names of letters (kakkÃÂ, khakkhÃÂ, etc.) and collation order of LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ (vowelsÃ¢ÂÂ fricativesÃ¢ÂÂ occlusivesÃ¢ÂÂ sonorants). In keeping with LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ's proximity to BrÃÂhmÃÂ«, it has retained a particularly close resemblance to BrÃÂhmÃÂ« among living scripts. Helping to foster a distinct Sikh culture and contributing to the consolidation of the Sikh religion, as well as first being a vehicle of Sikh religious literature, Gurmukhi became particularly important in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the Sikhs established political hegemony over Punjab and Kashmir.
KhojkÃÂ«, also known as caliha akhari or "the forty letters," an script of the Isma'ili Khoja community, is considered to be a refined version of LohÃÂÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂkÃÂ«. Originally developed for Sindhi, it had also been used for Punjabi, Saraiki, and Gujarati as it spread, as well as for Arabic and Persian. Shifts in correspondences of letters most commonly included implosive letters for the tenuis consonants, and tenuis letters for aspirated stops. Such shifts was partly because as KhojkÃÂ« spread to languages without SindhÃÂ«'s implosives, the corresponding letters lost their original values, leading to shifts and ambiguity in usage. It remained in general use by the community until the early 20th century, as the printing press facilitated its increasing replacement by the Gujarati script for IsmÃÂÃÂ¿ÃÂ«lÃÂ« literature. By the 1940s, its printing and instruction were confined to its native Sindh, where it survived until the early 1970s, continuing to be taught in community schools until it was superseded by Perso-Arabic.
Standard KhudÃÂbÃÂdÃÂ«, formerly used for SindhÃÂ«, was derived in the 1860s from KhudÃÂwÃÂdÃÂ«, the script associated with merchant communities of Hyderabad, Sindh, the LohÃÂÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂ type of which KhojkÃÂ« was "very close" to, being supplemented with characters from ShikÃÂrpurÃÂ«. It is now obsolete. Through official government initiative and encouragement, it developed into a vehicle for literary expression.
MahÃÂjanÃÂ«, a script previously used for PanjÃÂbÃÂ« and MÃÂrwÃÂÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂ«, was taught to students from merchant and trading classes for business, and was similar to other accounting scripts like SarrÃÂfÃÂ« ("of bankers"), KoÃ¡Â¹ÂhÃÂ«vÃÂl, and BaniauÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂ« ("of merchants"). Attested mostly from merchant documents, bills of exchange, and letters. It had five vowel letters, a, e, i, o, u, with the letter for i also used for ÃÂ«, e, ai and the letter for u also used for ÃÂ«, o, au. It had neither a dedicated nasalization diacritic, instead using the letter for n, nor script-specific numerals, instead using those of DevanÃÂgarÃÂ« or GujarÃÂtÃÂ«, though it does have fraction signs and unit marks, nor script-specific punctuation besides section marks and abbreviation. There are variants of certain letters, and generally did not space between words. It "may not be entirely obsolete."
MultÃÂnÃÂ«, former writing system of SarÃÂikÃÂ«, is now obsolete. While classed by Pandey (2012) in the Punjabi subclass, it contains implosive characters and clusters similar to those of the Sindhi subclass, that other Punjabi Landa scripts lack. It had 4 vowel letters, a, i, u, e; a was used for ÃÂ as well; i was also used for ÃÂ« as well as commonly as a semivowel in place of the letter y; u was used for ÃÂ« and o, and e for ai as well as o in some sources. Shifts in sound representation meant that some letters often represented more than one sound, most often with tenuis letters used for aspirated stops, and implosive letters for tenuis sounds, as well as variants of certain letters. Pandey (2012) proposes an "idealized" form for encoding, with more regular correspondences, as well as the usage of GurmukhÃÂ« numerals for MultÃÂnÃÂ«, as their numerals are "nearly identical."

MultÃÂnÃÂ« used the character Ã°ÂÂÂ¥ for both sa and ÃÂa, and commonly used the characters Ã°ÂÂÂ ga and Ã°ÂÂÂ ba for their implosive counterparts as well. Both MultÃÂnÃÂ« and KhojkÃÂ« commonly used one letter in any given writing for both ja and jha, which are "anyway rather weakly contrasted phonemes," at least in the case of KhojkÃÂ«. While both scripts each have two characters used interchangeably for both phonemes, they were conflated to the extent that the lesser-used letters of each, while attested, are not currently supported in Unicode. According to Pandey, "it is possible that a distinct letter for jha exists in a style of Multani. For this reason, space has been reserved for *jha in the [Unicode] block." In both cases, the unsupported letter shares a resemblance with GurmukhÃÂ« Ã Â¨Â ja.

While LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ did not have dependent vowel signs, several descendent scripts like GurmukhÃÂ«, KhojkÃÂ« and KhudÃÂbÃÂdÃÂ« have developed them. Earlier KhojkÃÂ« represented diphthongs in a manner more similar to LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ. KhojkÃÂ« Ã°ÂÂÂ was typically used for both i and ÃÂ«.

These scripts developed further adaptations as necessity arose. GurmukhÃÂ« has developed supplementary and subscript letters to accommodate loansounds and certain consonant clusters respectively. MahÃÂjanÃÂ« had the ligature Ã°ÂÂÂ¶ ÃÂrÃÂ« and various accounting signs. MultÃÂnÃÂ« had the character Ã°ÂÂÂ¨ Ã¡Â¹Âha, and KhudÃÂbÃÂdÃÂ« had the character Ã°ÂÂÂÃ°ÂÂÂ© fa. KhojkÃÂ« had the characters Ã°ÂÂÂ« Ã¡Â¸Â·a and Ã°ÂÂÂ¿ qa, as well as conjuncts for kÃ¡Â¹Â£a, jÃÂ±a, tra, and dra, often borrowing such orthography from easterly scripts. It also made extensive use of its nuqtÃÂ to accommodate the emphatics, uvulars, and pharyngeals of Arabic. Letters of the unstandardized scripts often had glyphic variants; for instance, a variant of MultÃÂnÃÂ« Ã°ÂÂÂ tha resembles its GurmukhÃÂ« counterpart Ã Â¨Â¥.

Other attested, similar, and related scripts

Other LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ-linked scripts have been documented. The ones below do not have enough information to be supported in Unicode.

BhaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂkharÃÂ«, also spelt bhaÃ¡Â¹Â(Ã¡Â¹Â) ÃÂkhrÃÂ« or bhaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂkshrÃÂ«, was used to write the Bhat Vahi literature and was employed by historical Bhatt writers. It was a "family code such as LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ and MahÃÂjanÃÂ«," and like LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ lacked vowel signs.
LaÃ¡Â¹ÂgaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃÂ«, historically used by bookkeepers in the Haryana region, possibly a subtype of MahÃÂjanÃÂ«.
MundÃÂ«, merchant script used by Marwari and Gujarati businessmen and bookkeepers for recording accounts and correspondences. Its name derives from the Hindi term mundÃÂ denoting bare-headedness, referring to its lack of ÃÂirorekhÃÂ, or top line characteristic of many abugidas of the area.
Landi-Mundi, historically used to record information bahi genealogical registers, such as at Haridwar
Scripts classified as LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ in the nineteenth century have been attested further east, including Mudia in Awadh, Garhwal, and towns in the North-Western Provinces, and Bisati LaÃ¡Â¹ÂÃ¡Â¸ÂÃÂ by Muslim traders in the North-Western Provinces.