Lactifluus rupestris is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. Described as a new species in 2010, it is known only from the semi-arid region in the National Park of Catimbau of Brazil. The mushroom is characterized by a stout fruit body with a smooth and sticky orange cap up to in diameter. The gills on the underside of the cap are closely spaced and frequently anastomosed. The stem is long by thick. The mushrooms exude a sparse cream-colored latex when cut or injured.
The species was found in the Brazilian semi-arid region in the National Park of Catimbau, in July 2007. It was described as new to science in a 2010 Mycotaxon publication by Felipe Wartchow of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The epithet rupestris refers to the campos rupestres montane savannaâÂÂthe ecoregion where the type species was collected.
The authors note that the fungus does not readily fit into any of the infrageneric (i.e., below the level of genus) classification schemes outlined by previous authorities. For example, although L. rupestris has several characteristics that make the section Edules proposed by Annemieke Verbeken a somewhat close match, the taxon cannot be included because the surface of its cap is neither sufficiently (cracked) nor dry enough, and its spores are excessively ornamented in comparison.
The cap of L. rupestris is , concave to somewhat funnel-shaped, with a central depression. Its color is orange at the center to brownish-orange towards the margin. The cap surface is somewhat sticky, and the texture is either smooth to slightly cracked. It has an indistinct layer of matted mycelial "hairs". The margin lacks striations and grooves, and is curled inward slightly. The gills are slightly decurrent (running slightly down the length of the stem), cream-salmon in color, and crowded closely together. They are up to broad and are frequently branched. The gill edges are smooth, and the same color as the gill face. There are several tiers of lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stem) interspersed between the gills. The stem is long by thick, centrally attached to the stem, cylindrical, and tapers slightly near the base. It is pale ochraceous-salmon, and slight longitudinal ribs can be seen with a magnifying glass. The flesh is spongy, pale yellow-ochre in the cap, and cream-yellow in the stem. The latex is cream-colored to roughly the same color as the gills, and not abundant.
The spores are roughly to roughly spherical, and typically measure 7âÂÂ8.5 by 6âÂÂ7 üm. The ornamentation on the spore surface is amyloid (staining blue to blue-black in Melzer's reagent) and finely wart-like, with each wart ranging to 0.5âÂÂ0.7 üm high. The warts are interconnected by thin ridges, but the ridges do not form a complete . The hilar appendage (the part of a spore once attached to the basidium via the sterigma) ranges in shape from narrowly obtuse to somewhat conical; the plage is not very distinct, but has an amyloid spot. The basidia (spore-bearing cells in the hymenium) are 35âÂÂ50 by 8âÂÂ11 üm, club-shaped, and bear mainly four, but sometimes two long (6âÂÂ10 üm) sterigmata.
Pseudopleurocystidia are very scarce on the gill faces; when present, they are thin-walled, 170 üm long by 24 üm wide, with brownish refractive contents, and arise from deep in the tissue of the hymenophore. The edge of the gill is sterile (lacking basidia), and has marginal cells that are 30âÂÂ45 by 4âÂÂ6 üm, cylindrical to somewhat (curvy), thin-walled, and hyaline (translucent). The tissue of the cap has abundant sphaerocysts (spherical, swollen cells common to the Russulaceae) and measure 25âÂÂ65 by 24âÂÂ50 üm, in addition to filamentous hyphae that are up to 10 üm wide. Lactiferous (latex-containing) hyphae are common in the cap tissue. They are up to 15 üm wide with a longitudinal orientation. Although they diverge from the trama somewhat (spreading out from the center of the gill), they do not form projecting pseudocystidia. The subhymenium (the layer of cells directly under the hymenium) is made of club-shaped to nearly spherical cells that are 16âÂÂ27 by 9âÂÂ17 üm. The tissue that comprises the hymenophore is made of several parts. It contains abundant, nearly (17âÂÂ25 by 13âÂÂ18 üm) cells, and filamentous hyphae that measure 3.5âÂÂ6.5 üm; lactiferous hyphae are frequent, up to 7âÂÂ12 üm wide, straight and only occasionally branching. The cap cuticle is a trichodermâÂÂmeaning the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. It is up to 140 üm thick and comprises two layers. The upper layer, the suprapellis, is made of plentiful, colorless hyphae that are 20âÂÂ51 by 4âÂÂ6 üm, thin-walled (up to 0.5 üm), and range in shape from obtuse to somewhat acute to knob-like or pear-shaped. The lower layer of the cap cuticle, the subpellis, is made of both plentiful hyphae that are 3âÂÂ8 üm wide and somewhat more inflated colorless cells up to 10âÂÂ18 üm wide. Lactifluus rupestris does not have clamp connections in its hyphae.
The mushroom was found buried with up to two-thirds of the stem in sandy soil near several shrubs (Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae and others) in a semi-arid region, after heavy precipitation. The species is known only from the type locality in Vale do Catimbau National Park in Brazil, in the state of Pernambuco. It fruits at an elevation of . This is part of the biodiverse cerrado ecoregion, in an area known as the campos rupestres. Although the fungus is suspected to be mycorrhizal (like all Lactarius), there was a wide diversity of plant species growing in the open, dry forest where the mushroom was found (including members of the tree families Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and PolygonaceaeâÂÂall known to form mycorrhizal associations), so the authors did not speculate on any specific interactions.