This is a list of oil refineries.
The Oil & Gas Journal publishes a worldwide list of refineries annually in a country-by-country tabulation that includes for each refinery: location, crude oil daily processing capacity, and the size of each process unit in the refinery. For some countries, the refinery list is further categorized state-by-state. The list appears in some of their December issues.
Global summary
As per Energy Institute and OPEC data from 2024.
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse:collapse; padding:5px;"> <caption style="font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:5px;">Global Oil Refining Capacity by Country (2024 Estimates)</caption> <tr style="background-color:#eaecf0;"> <th scope="col" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Name of Country</th> <th scope="col" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Amount (million bpd)</th> <th scope="col" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Percentage of Global Capacity</th> <th scope="col" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Comment</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">China</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">18.48</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">17.8%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Overtook the U.S. as the world's largest refiner by capacity in 2023.<sup>[1]</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">United States</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">18.43</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">17.7%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Maintains the highest actual throughput and complex secondary processing.<sup>[1]</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Russia</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">6.80</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">6.6%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Capacity largely focused on diesel exports; current runs impacted by sanctions.<sup>[1]</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">India</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">5.80</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">5.6%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Fastest growing regional hub; operates the massive Jamnagar complex.<sup>[1]</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">South Korea</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">3.50</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">3.4%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Highly integrated export-oriented coastal refineries.<sup>[1]</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Saudi Arabia</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">3.29</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">3.2%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Leading refiner in the Middle East with significant joint ventures.<sup>[2]</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Japan</th> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">3.10</td> <td style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">3.0%</td> <td style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:5px;">Capacity consolidating due to declining domestic demand.<sup>[1]</sup></td> </tr> </table>
World's largest refineries
Africa
Algeria
- Skikda Refinery I (Sonatrach), - built in 2009; processing capacity 16.5 million tonnes per year
- Skikda Condensate Refinery II (Sonatrach), - start-up 1980; processing capacity around 5 million tonnes per year
- Adrar Refinery (CNPC/Sonatrach), - built in 2007, (0.6 million tonne/year)
- Sidi Rezine Refinery (Sonatrach), El Harrach, Algiers - shutdown in 2018 for modernization, restarted in 2020; refining capacity 3.6545 million of tonnes per year
- Arzew Refinery (Sonatrach), - start-up 1975; processing capacity of 780,000 tones of naphtha per year (3.75 million tonne/year)
- Hassi Messaoud Refinery (Sonatrach), - Algerian government awarded engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract to Técnicas Reunidas and Samsung Engineering January 2020; construction began February 2025;commissioning 2026-27; processing capacity 5 millions tonnes of crude oil per year
- Tiaret Refinery (Sonatrach), - delayed from 2022 to 2025
Angola
- Luanda Refinery (Sonangol - opened 1958),
- Cabinda Refinery, - international tender 2017, under construction 2024-25
- Soyo Refinery (Quanten Consortium Angola), - public tender for construction in 2019-20, contract awarded in early March 2021, in financing stage in 2025
- Lobito Refinery (Sonangol/KBR), Lobito, - in development as of August 2016-November 2017, under construction in 2024-25
- Malongo Topping Plant (Cabinda Gulf Oil Company), - operational as of 2024
Cameroon
- Limbé Refinery (Sonara - started in 1976), formerly - fire broke out on May 31, 2019 following an explosion in the naphtha separation unit, damaging four of the thirteen production units and forcing a total suspension of operations; site being refurbished since 2021 and to open by late 2027
- Kribi Refinery, Lolabé - to start partial operations in 2026
Chad
- Djarmaya Refinery (Societe d'Etude et d'Exploitation de la Raffinerie (SEERAT)), - opened June 2011
Congo
- Pointe Noire Refinery (CORAF)
- Fouta Refinery (Atlantic Petrochemical Refinery/Beijing Fortune Dingheng Investment/Sinopec), - to be completed by 2025-26 (2.5 million tones of petroleum products per year)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Muanda Refinery (formerly SOCIR), formerly - not in working order since 1998-2000
Egypt
- Amreya Refinery (Amreya Petroleum Refining Company (APRC)), Alexandria, - operational 1972; 3-4 million tons of crude oil per year (around 15% of EgyptâÂÂs total refining capacity in FY2019-20)
- Alexandria Refinery (Alexandria Petroleum Company), Alexandria, - refined about 3.8 million tons of crude oil in fiscal year 2023/24, refined more than 3.5 million tons of crude oil in fiscal year 2024/25
- MIDOR (Middle East Oil Refinery), Ameriya Specialized Free Zone, Alexandria, - established 1994; plans to expand by by first quarter 2022
- Assiut Refinery (Assiut Oil Refining Company (ASORC)), - built 1987
- Mostorod Refinery (Egypt Refining Company (ERC)), Cairo, - financial closure of project (June 2012); construction began February 2014; began operating August 2019-September 2020 with a processing capacity of 4.7 million tonnes per annum
- El-Nasr Refinery (El-Nasr Petroleum Company), Suez,
- Suez Petroleum Refinery (Suez Petroleum Processing Company), El Suez, - produced about 1.3 million tons in fiscal year 2023-24
- Tanta Refinery (Cairo Petroleum Refining Company), - processes 1.2 million tons of crude oil per year
- Wadi Feran Refinery (EGPC), Janub Sina',
- Ain Soukhna Refinery (Red Sea National Refining and Petrochemicals Company), - signed agreement (April 2021) to build in Suez Canal Economic Zone, construction to be finished by 2024-28
Eritrea
- Assab Refinery, formerly - built 1967; shut down August 1997
Ethiopia
- Gode Refinery (Golden Concord Group), - started construction in late 2025, first phase to be completed within 24 months
Gabon
- Port Gentil Refinery I (Sogara/Total/Shell/Agip), Ogooue Maritime NCI 8.3 - construction started 1965; operational 1967; routinely operates below capacity because of maintenance issues; temporarily shut down in August-September 2016 due to disputed presidential election of Ali Bongo and in 2017 for maintenance; annual processing capacity around 8.8 million barrels - went from processing 110 tonnes (806 barrels) per hour in September 1969 to 155 tonnes (1,136 barrels) per hour in 2016
- Port Gentil Refinery II (Gabon Oil Company/Samsung C&T), - to be almost fully automated; being developed as of 2019
Ghana
- Tema Oil Refinery Limited (TOR - Ghana Government), - incorporation & construction 1960-63 and was originally owned 100% by ENI Group, then purchased (Ghanaian Italian Petroleum Company) by Ghana in April 1977; changed to current name in 1990-91; shutdown for six years (2017-25) after fire - three-month Turnaround Maintenance program August-October 2025; resumed operation December 2026
- Sentuo Refinery (SORL), Tema Industrial Zone, - capacity of approximately 5 million tons per year
Ivory Coast
- Abidjan Refinery (SIR)
- Abidjan Bitumen Refinery (SMBCI),
Kenya
Libya
Madagascar
- Tomasina Refinery (Galana Petroleum), formerly - destroyed in 1994 Cyclone Geralda
Mauritania
Morocco
- Mohammedia Refinery (SAMIR), formerly â privatized (1997); closed (2015)
- Sidi Kacem (SAMIR), formerly â closed
Niger
- Zinder Refinery (Société de Raffinage de Zinder),
Nigeria
- Kaduna Refinery (NNPC), formerly - presently inactive
- Port Harcourt Refinery (NNPC), (active)
- Warri Refinery (NNPC), (active)
- Waltersmith Refinery (Waltersmith Refining and Petrochemical Company), formerly - presently inactive
- Dangote Refinery (Dangote Group), Lekki Free Zone, (active - began September 2024), planned expansion to
- Azikel Refinery (Azikel Petroleum), â under construction; estimated completion 2025
- Ogbele Refinery (Niger Delta Petroleum Resources), formerly - presently inactive
- Ondo State Refinery (Backbone Infrastructure Nigeria Limited (BINL)/NEFEX Holdings Limited), - planned
Somaliland
- New Silk Refinery Berbera Singapore New Silk Somalia Energy Co. (SNSSEC) 300,000+ gallons of diesel per day - commencing in 2028
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
- Dar es Salaam Refinery (TIPER), formerly - ceased operations, 1999
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Asia
Afghanistan
- Ghazanfar Oil Refinery (Ghazanfar Group), Hairatan, Balkh
- Kam Oil Refinery (Kam Group) Hairatan, Balkh
- Ansar Oil Refinery, Herat
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
- Eastern Refinery (BPC),
- Petromax Refinery,
- Super Petrochemical (Pvt.) Ltd.,
- Bashundhara Oil and Gas Company Ltd.,
China
- Fushun Petrochemical Refinery, Fushun Petrochemical Company (CNPC),
- Sinopec Anqing Company Refinery,
- Sinopec Beijing Yanshan Company Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Lanzhou Refiner,
- Sinopec CPCC Guangzhou Branch Refinery,
- Sinopec Maoming Company Refinery,
- Sinopec Beihai Company Refinery,
- Sinopec Cangzhou Company Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Daqing Petrochemical Refinery,
- Sinopec Luoyang Company,
- Sinopec Jingmen Company,
- Sinopec Wuhan Company Refinery,
- Sinopec CPCC Changling Company Refinery,
- Sinopec Jinling Company Refinery,
- Sinopec Jiujiang Company Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Jilin Chemical Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Dalian Petrochemical Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Fushun Petrochemical Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Jinxi Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Jinzhou Petrochemical Refinery,
- WEPEC Dalain Refinery,
- Sinopec Jinan Company,
- Sinopec Qilu Company Refinery,
- Sinopec Shanghai Gaoqiao Oil Refinery,
- Sinopec Tianjin Company Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) Dushanzi Refinery,
- China National Petroleum Corporation (PetroChina) ÃÂrümqi Petrochemical,
- Sinopec Zhenhai Refinery,
India
- Bongaigaon Refinery (IOCL), Bongaigaon, or 2.35 million tonnes per year
- Digboi Refinery (IOCL), Upper Assam (India's Oldest Refinery), 0.62 million tonnes per year
- Guwahati Refinery (IOCL), Noonmati, Guwahati, or 1.0 million tonnes per year
- Numaligarh Refinery (NRL), Golaghat District, 3.0 million tonnes per year
- Barauni Refinery (IOCL), near Patna, 6.0 million tonnes per year Nelson Complexity Index 7.8
- Nayara Refinery (Rosneft), Nelson Complexity Index 12.8
- Gujarat Refinery (IOCL), Vadodara, Nelson Complexity Index 10.0
- Jamnagar Refinery (Reliance Industries - world's largest petroleum refinery), Nelson Complexity Index 21.1
- Panipat Refinery (IOCL), 15 million tonnes per year. Nelson Complexity Index 10.5
- Mangalore Refinery (MRPL), Nelson Complexity Index 10.6
- Bina Refinery (BORL),
- Guru Gobind Singh Refinery (HMEL), Bathinda, with capacity of 11.2 million tonnes per year or . Nelson Complexity Index 12.6
- Haldia Refinery (IOCL), Nelson Complexity Index 10.4
- Paradip Refinery (IOCL), Nelson Complexity Index 12.2
- Barmer Refinery (HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited),
- Mathura Refinery (IOCL),
- Mumbai Refinery (HPCL),
- Mumbai Refinery Mahaul (BPCL),
- Visakhapatnam Refinery (HPCL),
- Tatipaka Refinery (ONGC),
- Kochi Refinery (BPCL), Nelson Complexity Index 10.8
- Manali Refinery (CPCL), Chennai,
- Cuddalore Refinery (NOCL),
- Nagapattnam Refinery (CPCL),
Indonesia
- Dumai Refinery (Pertamina),
- Plaju Refinery (Pertamina),
- Cilacap Refinery (Pertamina),
- Balikpapan Refinery (Pertamina),
- Balongan Refinery (Pertamina),
- Sorong Refinery (Pertamina),
- Tuban Refinery (Pertamina-Rosneft) - under construction
- Pemping Refinery and Petrochemicals (Pertamina-Exxonmobil),
- Pangkalan Brandan Refinery,
Iran
- Abadan Refinery (NIODC),
- Arvand Oil Refinery (NIODC),
- Arak Refinery (NIODC),
- Tehran Refinery (NIODC),
- Isfahan Refinery (NIODC),
- Tabriz Refinery (NIODC),
- Shiraz Refinery (NIODC),
- Lavan Refinery (NIODC),
- Persian Gulf Star Oil Refinery (NIODC),
- Kermanshah Refinery (NIODC),
- Bandar Abbas Refinery (NIODC),
- Pars Refinery (NIODC), - under construction
- Anahita Refinery (NIODC), - under construction
- Bahman Geno Refinery (NIODC), - under construction
Iraq
- Basrah Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Daurah Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Kirkuk Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Baiji Salahedden Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Baiji North Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Khanaqin/Alwand Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Samawah Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Haditha Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Muftiah Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Majd Al Iraq (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Gaiyarah Refinery (Iraq National Oil Company),
- Erbil Refinery (KAR Group), Kurdistan,
- Mirsan Refinery (MIRC Group), Kurdistan
- Karbala Refinery (South Oil Company (SOC)), Karbala
Israel
Japan
- Chiba Refinery (Cosmo Oil Company),
- Yokkaichi Refinery (Cosmo Oil Company),
- Sakai Refinery (Cosmo Oil Company),
- Sakaide Refinery (Cosmo Oil Company), formerly â closed 2013, converted into oil terminal
- Muroran Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Sendai Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Negishi Yokohama Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Osaka Refinery (ENEOS Corporation), formerly - closed 2020, converted to asphalt-fired power plant
- Mizushima Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Marifu Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Toyama Refinery (Nihonkai Oil - ENEOS Corporation),
- Kubiki Refinery (Teikoku Oil),
- Chiba Refinery (Kyokuto Petroleum),
- Kawasaki Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Wakayama Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Sakai Refinery (ENEOS Corporation),
- Nishihara Refinery (Nansei sekiyu/Petrobras),
- Keihin Refinery (Toa Oil/Royal Dutch Shell),
- Showa Yokkaichi Refinery (Showa Yokkaichi/Royal Dutch Shell),
- Yamaguchi Refinery (Seibu Oil/Royal Dutch Shell),
- Sodegaura Refinery (Fuji Oil Company),
- Kashima Refinery (Kashima Oil Company/Japan Energy),
- Mizushima Refinery (Japan Energy),
- Shikoku Refinery (Taiyo Oil), Taiyo Oil
- Ohita Refinery (Kyusyu Oil), Kyusyu Oil
- Hokkaido Refinery (Idemitsu Kosan),
- Chiba Refinery (Idemitsu Kosan),
- Aichi Refinery (Idemitsu Kosan),
- Tokuyama Refinery (Idemitsu Kosan), formerly â closed 2014
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgzstan
- "Junda" (800,000 tonnes/year)
- Tokmok (450,000 tonnes/year)
- Kant (300,000 tonnes/year)
- "Kyrgyz Petroleum" (300,000 tonnes/year)
- Jalal-Abad (60,000 tonnes/year)
Malaysia
- Pengerang Refining Company Sdn Bhd (PRefChem Refining) (Petronas and Saudi Aramco Joint Venture), Pengerang, Nelson Complexity Index 9.5
- Malaysian Refining Company Sdn Bhd (MRCSB) (Petronas), Melaka,
- PSR-1, Melaka I Refinery (formerly known as Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn Bhd) (Petronas),
- PSR-2, Melaka II Refinery (formerly operated by Petronas and Phillips 66 Joint Venture) (Petronas),
- Petronas Penapisan (Terengganu) Sdn Bhd (PP(T)SB) (Petronas), Kerteh,
- Hengyuan Refining Company Berhad (formerly known as Shell Refining Company (Federation of Malaya) Berhad) (HRC), Port Dickson,
- Port Dickson Refinery (Petron), Port Dickson,
- Kemaman Bitumen Refinery (TIPCO), Kemaman,
Mongolia
- Mongol Refinery (Mongol Refinery State Owned LLC) - under construction, planned in 2026
Myanmar
- Thanlyin Refinery (Myanma Petrochemical Enterprise),
Oman
Pakistan
- Pak-Arab Refinery Ltd. Muzaffargarh (PARCO), Muzaffargarh, Qasba Gujrat, Punjab
- National Refinery (NRL), Korangi, Karachi, Sindh
- Attock Refinery Ltd. (ARL), Rawalpindi, Punjab
- Byco Petroleum (Byco), Hub, Baluchistan
- Pakistan Refinery (PRL), Korangi Creek, Karachi, Sindh
- Enar Petroleum Refinery Training Facility (Enar), Gadap, Karachi, Sindh
- Gwadar Refinery (ARAMCO) Gwadar District, Balochistan formerly - cancelled with plans to relocate
- Indus Oil Refinery, (Indus) Karachi, Sindh - under construction, stalled
- Grace Refinery Limited (GRL), Kot Addu, Muzaffargarh, Punjab - under construction
- Al Motahedon Petroleum Refineries Kohat, KP - under construction
- Khyber Refinery (Pvt) Ltd, Kushalgarh, Kohat, KP - under construction
Philippines
Qatar
- Um Said Refinery (QP Refinery),
- Laffan Refinery 1 (QatarEnergy 51%, ExxonMobil 10%, Total 10%, Idemitsu 10%, Cosmo Oil Company 10%, Mitsui 4.5%, Marubeni 4.5%),
- Laffan Refinery 2 (QatarEnergy 84%, Total 10%, Cosmo 2%, Idemitsu 2%, Mitsui 1% and Marubeni 1%),
- Mesaieed Refinery,
Russia
The Asian portion of Russia has the following refineries:
- Achinsk Refinery (Rosneft),
- Angarsk Petrochemical Refinery (Rosneft),
- Antipinsky Refinery (RI-Invest),
- Khabarovsk Refinery (ÃÂÃÂ),
- Komsomolsk Refinery (Rosneft),
- Nizhnevartovsk Refinery (Rosneft),
- Omsk Refinery (Gazprom Neft),
- Tobolsk Petrochemical Refinery (Sibur),
- Yaya Refinery (NefteKhimService),
Saudi Arabia
- Riyadh Refinery (Saudi Aramco),
- Rabigh Refinery (Saudi Aramco/Sumitomo),
- Jeddah Refinery (Saudi Aramco), formerly â closed
- Ras Tanura Refinery (Saudi Aramco),
- Yanbu' Refinery (Saudi Aramco),
- Yanbu' Refinery (SAMREF) (Saudi Aramco/ExxonMobil),
- Jubail Refinery (SATORP) (Saudi Aramco/Total),
- YASREF Refinery (Yanbu, KSA) (Saudi Aramco/Sinopec),
- Jazan Refinery (Saudi Aramco,
- Jubail Refinery (SASREF) (Saudi Aramco),
Singapore
Sri Lanka
South Korea
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
- Dengara Oil Refinery - completed in 2018 & was operating in "test mode" at end of 2024, planned capacity of 1.2 million tonnes/year
Thailand
- Thai Oil Refinery (Thai Oil Company of PTT Public Company Limited),
- IRPC Refinery (IRPC PLC of PTT),
- PTT Global Chemical Refinery (PTT Global Chemical PLC of PTT),
- SPRC Refinery (Chevron NOJV),
- Bangchak Phra Khanong Refinery (Bangchak Petroleum),
- Bangchak Si Racha Sriracha Refinery (Bangchak Petroleum),
- Rayong Purifier Refinery (Rayong Purifier Company),
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
- Abu Dhabi Refinery (Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company),
- Fujairah VTTI Refinery (VITOL Group),
- Fujairah ECOMAR Refinery,
- Uniper â Fujairah (heavy crude oil flashers),
- Ruwais Refinery (Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company), â two refineries
- Jebel Ali Refinery (ENOC),
- Al Nakheel Oil Refinery (ANOR) - closed
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
- Ballsh Refinery (ARMO Oil Refiner),
- Fier Refinery (ARMO Oil Refiner),
- Bitex Refinery, Elbasan, Albania,
Austria
- Schwechat Refinery (OMV),
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosanski Brod Refinery Nestro, subsidiary of JSC Zarubezhneft (Russia), & 1.5 million tonnes/annum
Belarus
Belgium
- Antwerp Refinery (Total),
- Antwerp Refinery (ExxonMobil),
- Antwerp N.V. Refinery (Vitol), formerly â closed 2021, converted to distribution terminal
- Independent Belgian Refinery, Antwerp (Gunvor), formerly â closed 2020, converted to distribution terminal
Bulgaria
Croatia
- Rijeka Refinery (INA),
- Sisak Refinery (INA),
Czech Republic
- Litvinov Refinery (Orlen Unipetrol),
- Kralupy Refinery (Orlen Unipetrol),
- Pardubice Refinery (PARAMO, owned by Orlen Unipetrol), formerly â closed 2009, converted to distribution terminal
Denmark
Finland
- Porvoo Refinery (Neste),
- Naantali Refinery (Neste Oil Oyj), formerly - closed 2021, converted to distribution terminal
France
Closed
Germany
- Wilhelmshaven Refinery (Hestya),
- MiRO Karlsruhe Refinery (MiRO(Shell/Rosneft/Phillips 66)), Nelson Complexity Index 7.7 (was 9.33)
- Ruhr ÃÂl Refinery (BP), Nelson Complexity Index 8.44
- Ingolstadt Refinery (Bayernoil(VARO/Eni/Rosneft/BP)), Nelson Complexity Index 7.20
- TotalEnergies Refinery Mitteldeutschland (Total), - at the Leuna works site in Saxony-Anhalt
- Schwedt Refinery (PCK Raffinerie GmbH (Shell/Rosneft/Eni), Nelson Complexity Index 10.43
- Rheinland Werk Godorf Cologne Refinery (Shell),
- Rheinland Werk Wesseling Cologne Refinery (Shell),
- Ingolstadt Refinery (Gunvor),
- Hamburg (Holborn) Refinery (Tamoil),
- Raffinerie Heide (Klesch), Nelson Complexity Index 9.9
- Emsland Lingen Refinery (BP), Nelson Complexity Index 10.77
- Burghausen Refinery (OMV),
- Elbe Mineralölwerke Hamburg-Harburg Refinery (Shell - agreement to sell to Nynas announced 12 December 2011)
Greece
- Corinth Refinery (Motor Oil Hellas), Corinth, Peloponnese,
- Aspropyrgos Refinery (Hellenic Petroleum), Aspropyrgos, West Attica,
- Elefsina Refinery (Hellenic Petroleum), Elefsina, West Attica,
- Thessaloniki Refinery (Hellenic Petroleum), Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia,
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
- Sarlux Sarroch Refinery (Saras S.p.A.),
- Lukoil Impianti Sud Refinery (ISAB ERG),
- Milazzo RAM Refinery (Eni, Kuwait Petroleum Italia SPA),
- Sarpom Trecate, Novara Refinery (SARPOM IP 74.1%/Erg 25.9%),
- Augusta Refinery (Sonatrach Raffineria Italiana, affiliate of Sonatrach), Sicily,
- Lukoil Impianti Nord Refinery (ISAB ERG),
- Sannazzaro de' Burgondi Refinery (Eni),
- Falconara Marittima Ancona Refinery (API),
- Taranto Refinery (Eni),
- Iplom Busalla Refinery (IPLOM), 1,890,000 tonne/annum capacity or around
Closed
- Livorno Refinery (Eni), formerly - crude processing being stopped in 2022
- Porto Marghera Venice Refinery (Eni), â closed, converted into biorefinery, restarted production June 2014 (capacity less than )
- Cremona Refinery (Tamoil), formerly â closed March 2011
- Mantova Refinery (IES Italiana), formerly â closed January 2013
- Gela Refinery (Eni), formerly â closed, being converted into biorefinery
- Rome Refinery (Total 77.5%/Erg 22.5%), formerly â closed June 2012
Lithuania
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
- Plock Refinery (PKN Orlen),
- Gdansk Refinery (Grupa LOTOS), - processing capacity after second distillation startup in first quarter 2010
- Czechowice Refinery (Grupa LOTOS), formerly - crude oil processing terminated, first quarter 2006
- Trzebinia Refinery (PKN Orlen),
- Jaslo Oil Refinery (Grupa LOTOS), formerly - crude oil processing terminated, fourth quarter 2008
- Jedlicze Refinery (PKN Orlen),
- Glimar Refinery (Hudson Oil), formerly â all operations (including crude oil processing) terminated 2005, acquired 2011
Portugal
- Sines Refinery (Galp Energia),
- Porto Refinery (Galp Energia), formerly - closed April 2021
Romania
Closed
- RAFO OneÃ
Âti (Calder A), formerly â closed
- Steaua RomanàCâmpina Refinery (Omnimpex Chemicals), formerly â closed
- Arpechim Refinery PiteÃÂti (Petrom/OMV), formerly â closed
- Astra Refinery (Interagro), formerly - closed
Russia
The European portion of Russia contains the following refineries:
- Afipsky Refinery, design capacity is 6.25 million tons per year or
- Kirishi Refinery (Surgutneftegas),
- Krasnodar Refinery (Russneft),
- Kuibyshev Refinery (Rosneft), in Samara Oblast
- Novokuibyshevsk Refinery (Rosneft), in Samara Oblast
- Nizhnekamsk Refinery (Tatneft, TANEKO),
- Nizhnekamsk Refinery (TAIF),
- Kstovo Refinery (Lukoil) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast,
- Novoshakhtinsk Refinery (),
- Orsk Refinery (SAFMAR),
- Perm Refinery (Lukoil),
- Ryazan Refinery (Rosneft),
- Salavatnefteorgsintez Refinery (Gazprom),
- Syzran Refinery (Rosneft),
- Tuapse Refinery (Rosneft),
- Ukhta Refinery (Lukoil),
- Ufa Refinery (Bashneft),
- Novo-Ufa Refinery (Bashneft),
- Ufaneftekhim Refinery (Bashneft),
- Volgograd Refinery (Lukoil),
- Yaroslavl Refinery (Slavneft),
See also: Asian portion of Russia's refineries
Serbia
- PanÃÂevo Refinery (Naftna Industrija Srbije), 4.8 million tonnes/year
- Novi Sad Refinery (Naftna Industrija Srbije), 2.6 million tonnes/year
- Hemco Refinery (Hemco Lubricants)
Slovakia
Spain
- Bilbao Refinery (Petronor),
- Puertollano Refinery (Repsol),
- Tarragona Refinery (Repsol),
- Tarragona Asphalt Refinery (ASESA),
- La Coruña Refinery (Repsol),
- Cartagena Refinery (Repsol),
- Tenerife Refinery (CEPSA), â to be closed, 2030
- Palos de la Frontera Refinery (CEPSA),
- Gibraltar-San Roque Refinery (CEPSA),
- Castellon Refinery (BP), Nelson Complexity Index 10.58
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
- Coryton Refinery (Petroplus), formerly â closed 2012
- Fawley Refinery (ExxonMobil),
- Harwich Refinery (Haltermann Carless), 500,000 tonnes/year
- Heysham Refinery (Shell), formerly 2 million tonnes/year â closed 1976
- Humber Refinery (Phillips 66), Nelson Complexity Index 11.8 (was 11.6)
- Kent Refinery (BP), formerly 4 million tonnes/year â closed 1982
- Lindsey Oil Refinery (Prax),
- Teesside Refinery (Petroplus), formerly â closed 2009, now a crude oil reception, storage, and trans-shipment installation
- Shell Haven Refinery (Shell), formerly 6,000 tonnes/day â closed 1999
- Stanlow Refinery (Essar Oil),
Scotland
Wales
North & Central America
Aruba
- Aruba Refinery (Valero) formerly â closed in 2012, to be converted to terminal; bought by Citgo and reopened now permanently closed
Canada
General information
As of 2018, Canadian refineries collectively had the capacity to process of crude oil and produce of petroleum products.
Alberta
- Strathcona Refinery, Sherwood Park, Strathcona County (Imperial Oil / ExxonMobil),
- Scotford Refinery, Strathcona County (Shell Oil Company/Canadian Natural Resources),
- Edmonton Refinery, Strathcona County (Suncor Energy),
- Sturgeon Refinery, Redwater, Sturgeon County (North West Redwater Partnership),
- Husky Lloydminster Refinery, Lloydminster, Vermilion River (Husky Energy),
British Columbia
New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador
Ontario
- Nanticoke Refinery, Nanticoke (Imperial Oil / ExxonMobil),
- Sarnia Refinery, Sarnia (Imperial Oil / ExxonMobil),
- Shell Corunna Refinery, Corunna (Shell Canada),
- Clarkson Refinery, Mississauga, Ontario (HollyFrontier),
- Sarnia Refinery, Sarnia (Suncor Energy),
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Cuba
Curaçao
Costa Rica
- Puerto Limón Refinery (Recope) (start-up 1967), formerly - not operational since 2011
Dominican Republic
- Haina Refinery (REFIDOMSA) (start-up 1973),
El Salvador
- RefinerÃÂa Petrolera de Acajutla S.A. de C.V. (Puma Energy) (start-up 1962), formerly - closed October 2012, to become a terminal
Guatemala
- Puerto Barrios Refinery (Texaco), formerly - out of use
- La Libertad Refinery (Perenco)
Honduras
- Puerto Cortés Refinery (REFTEXA) (Texaco), formerly â closed
Jamaica
- Kingston Refinery (PetroJam & PDVSA),
Martinique
Mexico
- Tula Refinery (Pemex) Tula, Hidalgo,
- Minatitlan Refinery (Pemex) Minatitlan, Veracruz,
- Cadereyta Refinery (Pemex) Cadereyta Jiménez, Nuevo León,
- Salamanca Refinery (Pemex) Salamanca, Guanajuato,
- Francisco I. Madero Refinery (Pemex) Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas,
- Salina Cruz Refinery (Pemex) Salina Cruz, Oaxaca,
- Dos Bocas or Olmeca Refinery (Pemex) Paraiso, Tabasco,
Nicaragua
- Managua Refinery (MANREF)-Managua (Puma Energy) (start-up 1962),
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
, there were 132 operating oil refineries in the United States with an atmospheric crude oil distillation capacity of 18,374,628 barrels per calendar day, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
Alabama
Alaska
- Kenai Refinery (Marathon Petroleum Company), Kenai,
- North Pole Refinery (Petro Star by Arctic Slope Regional Corporation), North Pole,
- North Pole Refinery (Flint Hills Resources LP by Koch Industries), North Pole, formerly - shut down in 2014
- Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil Topping Unit (Hilcorp), Prudhoe Bay,
- Kuparuk Topping Unit (ConocoPhillips), Prudhoe Bay,
- Valdez Refinery (Petro Star by Arctic Slope Regional Corporation), Valdez,
Arkansas
California
- Bakersfield Refinery (GCEH), Bakersfield, formerly - conversion to of renewable diesel projected to be completed by 2nd half of 2022
- Bakersfield Refinery (Kern Oil & Refining Co.), Bakersfield,
- Bakersfield Refinery (San Joaquin Refining Co.), Bakersfield,
- Benicia Refinery (Valero), Benicia, , Nelson Complexity Index 16.1 - may be âÂÂidled, restructured, or cease refining operationsâ by the end of April 2026
- El Segundo Refinery (Chevron), El Segundo,
- Los Angeles Refinery (Marathon), Carson and Wilmington, (the formerly separate Carson and Wilmington refineries began reporting as one entity in 2019) Nelson Complexity Index 12.07
- Los Angeles Refinery (Phillips 66), Wilmington and Carson, formerly , Nelson Complexity Index 14.3 - planned closure, second quarter 2025
- Martinez/Avon Refinery (Marathon), Martinez, formerly - conversion to of renewable diesel projected to be completed by late 2023
- Martinez Refinery (PBF Energy), Martinez, , Nelson Complexity Index 16.1
- Paramount Refinery (World Energy), Paramount, formerly - idle, March 12, 2021
- Richmond Refinery (Chevron), Richmond,
- San Francisco Refinery (Phillips 66), Rodeo and Arroyo Grande, formerly , Nelson Complexity Index 13.3 - the 200-mile-apart, but connected, Rodeo and Santa Maria/Arroyo Grande refineries began reporting as one entity in 2017. Intended to be closed and converted to renewable fuels plant by 2024
- Santa Maria Asphalt Refinery (Greka Energy), Santa Maria,
- South Gate Refinery (World Oil Corp., formerly Lunday-Thagard Co.), South Gate,
- Torrance Refinery (PBF Energy), Torrance, , Nelson Complexity Index 13.8 (was 14.9)
- Wilmington Asphalt Refinery (Valero), Wilmington,
- Wilmington Refinery (Valero), Wilmington, , Nelson Complexity Index 15.9
- Talley Asphalt Products Refinery, Kern, - started operating in 2021
Colorado
Delaware
Georgia
Hawaii
- Kapolei Refinery (Par Hawaii Refining, LLC - a subsidiary of Par Pacific Holdings), Ewa Beach (Kapolei), - single remaining refinery in Hawaii now includes refining assets previously owned and operated as "Hawaii Refinery" by Chevron Corporation (Chevron) with up to in additional capacity. Chevron sold their Hawaii Refinery to newly formed Island Energy Services, LLC in 2016, and IES sold the refining assets to Par Hawaii Refining, LLC in 2018 but retained Terminal and pipeline assets.
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
- Alliance Refinery (Phillips 66), Belle Chasse, formerly Nelson Complexity Index 12.0 - closed 2021
- Baton Rouge Refinery (ExxonMobil), Baton Rouge,
- Chalmette Refinery (PBF Energy), Chalmette, Nelson Complexity Index 13.0 (was 12.7)
- Convent Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Convent, formerly - closed November 2020; conversion into a low-carbon alternative energy facility considered
- Cotton Valley Refinery (Calumet Specialty Products Partners), Cotton Valley,
- Garyville Refinery (Marathon Petroleum Company), Garyville,
- Krotz Springs Refinery (Delek), Krotz Springs,
- Lake Charles Refinery (Calcasieu Refining), Lake Charles,
- Lake Charles Refinery (Citgo), Lake Charles,
- Lake Charles Refinery (Pelican Refining), Lake Charles,
- Lake Charles Refinery (Phillips 66), Westlake, Nelson Complexity Index 11.1 (was 11.2)
- Meraux Refinery (Valero), Meraux, Nelson Complexity Index 9.7
- Norco Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Norco,
- Port Allen Refinery (Placid Refining), Port Allen,
- Princeton Refinery (Calumet Specialty Products Partners), Princeton,
- Shreveport Refinery (Calumet Specialty Products Partners), Shreveport,
- St. Charles Refinery (Valero), Norco, Nelson Complexity Index 16.0
- St. Rose Refinery (Shell Oil Company), St. Rose,
Michigan
- Marathon Detroit Refinery (Marathon Petroleum Company), Detroit,
- Erie Refining Company, Bloomingdale, formerly - closed late 1940s
- Fort-Dalo Oil and Refining Company, Bloomingdale, formerly - closed late 1940s
- Midwest Refinery - eventually acquired by and merged with Leonard Refinery below; closed late 1990s
- Northern Oil Refinery, Alma - operated from approximately 1938-October 1999; cleanup on site began 1992
- Leonard Oil Refinery, Alma, (first refinery to produce high, 96-octane gasoline in 1953) formerly - operated from 1936-1999; damaged by fire 1992; demolished 2003
- former Wolvertine Refinery, Alma
Minnesota
Mississippi
- Pascagoula Refinery (Chevron), Pascagoula, - plans to almost triple its capacity
- Vicksburg Refinery (Ergon), Vicksburg,
- Rogerslacy Refinery (Hunt Southland Refining), Sandersville,
- Greenville Biodiesel Refinery (Scott Petroleum), capacity 17 Million of Gallons per Year (uses soybean and corn oil)
Montana
Nevada
- Eagle Springs Refinery (Foreland Refining), Ely,
New Jersey
- Bayway Refinery (Phillips 66), Linden, Nelson Complexity Index 7.7 (was 8.4)
- Eagle Point Refinery (Sunoco), Westville, formerly â closed early 2010
- Paulsboro Asphalt Refinery (Axeon) Paulsboro, formerly â closed in 2017
- Paulsboro Refinery (PBF Energy) Paulsboro, Nelson Complexity Index 13.2
- Perth Amboy Refinery (Chevron), Perth Amboy, formerly â closed in 2012
- Port Reading Refinery (Hess), Port Reading, formerly â closed in 2013
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
- Bradford Refinery (American Refining Group), Bradford,
- Marcus Hook Refinery (Sunoco), Marcus Hook, formerly â closed 2011; acquired by Sunoco Logistics in 2012 - converted into hub for storing and processing natural gas liquids (NGLs)
- Philadelphia Refinery (Philadelphia Energy Solutions by Carlyle Group), Philadelphia, formerly â closed in June 2019 after explosion
- Trainer Refinery (Monroe Energy by Delta Air Lines), Trainer,
- Warren Refinery, United Refining Company, Warren,
- Wamsutta Oil Refinery (historical), McClintocksville
Tennessee
Texas
- Baytown Refinery (ExxonMobil), Baytown, Nelson Complexity Index 13.7
- Big Spring Refinery (Delek), Big Spring,
- Beaumont Refinery (ExxonMobil), Beaumont, Nelson Complexity Index 9.03
- Borger Refinery (WRB Refining LP by Phillips 66/Cenovus, Borger, Nelson Complexity Index 11.6 (was 12.3)
- Corpus Christi Complex (Flint Hills Resources), Corpus Christi,
- Corpus Christi Refinery (Citgo), Corpus Christi,
- Corpus Christi East & West Refinery (Valero), Corpus Christi, Nelson Complexity Index 15.4
- Deer Park Refinery (PEMEX), Deer Park,
- El Paso Refinery (Marathon Petroleum), El Paso,
- Galveston Bay Refinery (Marathon Petroleum), Texas City,
- Houston Refinery (LyondellBasell), Houston, formerly - decommissioned February 2025; to be converted into a chemical recycling plant to produce plastic pellets
- Houston Refinery (Valero), Houston, Nelson Complexity Index 8.9
- Independent Refinery (Stratnor), Houston,
- McKee Refinery (Valero), Sunray, Nelson Complexity Index 9.5
- Nixon Refinery (Blue Dolphin Energy Company) Nixon,
- Pasadena Refining System (Chevron), Pasadena,
- Port Arthur Refinery (Total), Port Arthur,
- Port Arthur Refinery (Motiva Enterprises), Port Arthur,
- Port Arthur Refinery (Valero), Port Arthur, Nelson Complexity Index 12.4
- San Antonio Refinery (Calumet Specialty Products Partners), San Antonio,
- Sweeny Refinery (Phillips 66), Sweeny, Nelson Complexity Index 13.4 (was 13.2)
- Texas City Refinery (Valero), Texas City, Nelson Complexity Index 11.1
- Sullivan Three Rivers Refinery (Valero), Three Rivers, Nelson Complexity Index 13.2
- Tyler Refinery (Delek), Tyler,
- Newton County, Texas Refinery - will process one million tons of wood waste into 65 million gallons of transportation biofuels annually, including sustainable aviation fuel and renewable diesel
- Texas International Terminals Refinery, Galveston, - started operating in February 2022
- Hartree Partners Refinery, Channelview, - started operating in 2019
- Oneok Refinery, Corpus Christi, - started operating in 2017
- Buckeye Partners Refinery, Corpus Christi, - started operating in 2015
- Petromax Refining Refinery, Houston, - started opering in 2015
- Kinder Morgan Refinery, Galena Park, - started opering in 2015
Utah
- North Salt Lake Refinery (Big West Oil, a subsidiary of FJ Management), North Salt Lake,
- Salt Lake City Refinery (Chevron), Salt Lake City,
- Salt Lake City Refinery (Marathon Petroleum), Salt Lake City,
- Woods Cross Refinery (HF Sinclair), Woods Cross,
- Woods Cross Refinery (Silver Eagle Refining), Woods Cross,
Washington
- Puget Sound Refinery (HF Sinclair), Anacortes,
- Marathon Anacortes Refinery (Marathon Petroleum), Anacortes,
- Cherry Point Refinery (BP), Blaine, Nelson Complexity Index 9.59
- Ferndale Refinery (Phillips 66), Ferndale, Nelson Complexity Index 7.7 (was 7.0)
- Tacoma Refinery (Par Pacific Holdings), Tacoma,
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
- Cheyenne Refinery (HF Sinclair), Cheyenne, formerly Nelson Complexity Index 8.9 - converted (2021) to Renewable Diesel Unit (RDU), , processes refined soybean oil and animal fats into renewable diesel and small amounts of renewable naphtha
- Douglas Refinery (Genesis Energy), Douglas,
- Evanston Refinery (Silver Eagle Refining), Evanston,
- Newcastle Refinery (Wyoming Refining Company, LLC - a subsidiary of Par Pacific Holdings), Newcastle,
- HF Sinclair Parco (HF Sinclair), Sinclair,
- Sinclair Casper Refinery (HF Sinclair), Evansville,
US Virgin Islands
- St Croix Refinery (previously HOVENSA, then Limetree in early 2016), formerly â closed early 2012; used as storage terminal until 2018, then re-opened as refinery; after "oil from the refinery fell from the sky" in February and May 2021, it was shut down in May 2021'
Oceania
Australia
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
South Australia
Western Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
- InterOil Refinery, Port Moresby (Puma Energy),
South America
Argentina
- La Plata Refinery (YPF),
- Buenos Aires Refinery (Royal Dutch Shell),
- Luján de Cuyo Refinery (YPF),
- Esso Campana Refinery (Axion Energy),
- San Lorenzo Refinery (Refisan S.A.) (start-up 1938),
- Plaza Huincul Refinery (YPF) (start-up 1919),
- Campo Duran Refinery (Refinor),
- BahÃÂa Blanca Refinery (Petrobras),
- Avellaneda Refinery (DestilerÃÂas Argentinas de Petróleos, DAPSA),
Bolivia
- Gualberto Villarael Cochabamba Refinery (YPFB),
- Guillermo Elder Bell Santa Cruz Refinery (YPFB),
- Carlos Montenegro Sucre Refinery (Refisur SA),
- Reficruz,
- RefinerÃÂa Oro Negro SA,
Brazil
- REFAP (Petrobras), Canoas,
- RECAP (Petrobras), Mauá,
- REPLAN (Petrobras), PaulÃÂnia,
- REVAP (Petrobras), São José dos Campos,
- RPBC (Petrobras), Cubatão,
- REDUC (Petrobras), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro,
- REMAN (Petrobras), Manaus,
- Lubnor (Petrobras), Fortaleza,
- (Petrobras), Betim,
- REPAR (Petrobras), Araucária,
- RLAM (Petrobras), São Francisco do Conde,
- RPCC (Petrobras), Guamaré,
- RNEST (Petrobras), Ipojuca,
- COMPERJ(Petrobras), Itaboraàâ RJ â under construction
- Refinaria Ipiranga (Refinaria Riograndense), Pelotas,
- Refinaria Manguinhos (Grupo Peixoto de Castro), Rio de Janeiro,
- DAX Oil (Dax-Oil), Camaçari,
- Univen (Univen Petróleo), Itupeva,
Chile
- BioBio Refinery (Empresa Nacional del Petróleo),
- Aconcagua Concon Refinery (Empresa Nacional del Petróleo),
- Gregorio Refinery (Empresa Nacional del Petróleo),
Colombia
- Barrancabermeja-Santander Refinery (Ecopetrol) (start-up 1922),
- Cartagena Refinery (Reficar S.A.) (start-up 1957),
- Hidrocasanare Refinery (start-up 2009),
- Apiay Refinery (Ecopetrol),
- Orito Refinery (Ecopetrol),
Ecuador
- Esmeraldas Refinery (Petroecuador) (start-up 1978),
- La Libertad Refinery (Petroecuador),
- Shushufindi Refinery (Petroecuador),
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
- Paraguana Refinery Complex (CRP) (PDVSA) (start-up 1997), (Amuay-Cardón-Bajo Grande)
- Amuay Refinery (CRP) (PDVSA) (start-up 1950),
- Cardón Refinery (CRP) (PDVSA) (start-up 1949),
- Bajo Grande Refinery (CRP) (PDVSA) (start-up 1956),
- Puerto La Cruz refinery (PDVSA) (start-up 1948),
- (PDVSA) (start-up 1954),
- San Roque Refinery (PDVSA),
- Upgraders (Extra Heavy Oil Joint Ventures with PDVSA at Jose)
- Petro San Felix, originally Petrozuata (PDVSA) (start-up 2000),
- Petropiar (PDVSA and Chevron), originally Ameriven (Phillips 66, Texaco and PDVSA) (start-up 2004),
- Petrocedeño, originally Sincor (TotalEnergies, Equinor (prev. Statoil), and PDVSA) (start-up 2001),
- Petromonagas (PDVSA, Rosneft), originally Cerro Negro (ExxonMobil, Aral AG, and PDVSA) (start-up 2001),
See also
References
External links