The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816.
The origins of the Sicilian monarchy lie in the Norman conquest of southern Italy which occurred between the 11th and 12th century. Sicily, which was ruled as an Islamic emirate for at least two centuries, was invaded in 1071 by Norman House of Hauteville, who conquered Palermo and established a feudal county named the County of Sicily. The House of Hauteville completed their conquest of Sicily in 1091.
In 1130, the County of Sicily and the County of Apulia, ruled by different branches of the House of Hauteville, merged as the Kingdom of Sicily, and Count Roger II was crowned king by Antipope Anacletus II. In 1282, after the Sicilian Vespers, the kingdom split into separate states: the properly named "Ultra Sicily" (Siciliae ultra Pharum, Latin for "Sicily over the Strait") and "Hither Sicily" (Siciliae citra, commonly called "the Kingdom of Naples"). Definitive unification occurred in 1816, when Ferdinand IV and III made the two entities into a single state, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Roger II received royal investiture from Antipope Anacletus II in 1130 and recognition from Pope Innocent II in 1139. The Kingdom of Sicily, which by then comprised not only the island, but also the southern third of the Italian peninsula, rapidly expanded itself to include Malta and the Mahdia, the latter if only briefly.
| Roger II<br />1130–1154 || || 22 December 1095<br />Mileto<br />son of Roger I of Sicily and Adelaide del Vasto || Elvira of Castile<br />1117<br />6 children<br /><br />Sibyl of Burgundy<br />1149<br />2 children<br /><br />Beatrix of Rethel<br />1151<br />1 child || 26 February 1154<br />Palermo<br />aged 58||Papal bull by<br>Antipope Anacletus II |- | William I the Bad<br />1154–1166 || || 1121<br />son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile|| Margaret of Navarre<br />4 children|| 7 May 1166<br />Palermo<br />aged 45||Son of Roger II<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | William II the Good<br />1166–1189 || || 1155<br />son of William I and Margaret of Navarre|| Joan of England<br />February 1177<br />1 child|| 11 November 1189<br />Palermo<br />aged 34||Son of William I<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Tancred<br />1189–1194<br /><small>(joint rule)</small>|| || 1138<br />illegitimate son of Roger III, Duke of Apulia|| Sibylla of Acerra<br />6 children|| 20 February 1194<br />Palermo<br />aged 56|||Illegitimate grandson of<br>Roger II<hr>Seizure |- | Roger III<br />1193<br /><small>(joint rule)</small>|| ||1175<br />son of Tancred of Sicily and Sibylla of Acerra || Irene Angelina<br />no children || 24 December 1193<br />aged 18||Son of Tancred<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | William III<br />1194 || || 1190<br />son of Tancred and Sibylla of Acerra|| never married||1198<br />aged 8||Son of Tancred I<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Constance I<br />1194–1198|| || 2 November 1154 <br />daughter of Roger II and Beatrix of Rethel|| Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor<br />1184<br />1 child|| 27 November 1198<br />Palermo<br />aged 44||Posthumous daughter of<br>Roger II<hr>Right of Conquest |-
Constance was married to the Emperor Henry VI and he pressed his claim to the kingdom from William II's death, but only succeeded in displacing his wife's family in 1194.
There is evidence that, during the baronial revolt of 1197, there was an attempt to make Count Jordan Lupin of Bovino king in opposition to Henry VI. He may even have been crowned and seems to have had the support of Constance, who had turned against her husband. In the end he was captured and executed. He is accepted as a pretender to the throne by modern historians Evelyn Jamison and Thomas Curtis Van Cleve.
| Henry I<br />1194–1197 || || November 1165<br />Nijmegen<br />son of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor and Beatrix of Burgundy ||Constance of Sicily<br />1184<br />1 child|| 28 September 1197<br />Messina<br />aged 32||Husband of Constance<hr>Jure uxoris |- | Frederick II<br />1198–1250<br /><small>(joint rule)</small>|| ||26 December 1194<br />Jesi<br />son of Henry I and Constance I||Constance of Aragon<br />15 August 1209<br />1 child<br /><br />Isabella II of Jerusalem<br />9 November 1225<br />2 children<br /><br />Isabella of England<br />15 July 1235<br />4 children|| 13 December 1250<br />Torremaggiore<br />aged 55||Son of Constance<hr>Jure matris |- | Henry II<br />1212–1217<br /><small>(joint rule)</small>|| || 1211<br />Sicily<br />son of Frederick II and Constance of Aragon ||Margaret of Austria<br />29 November 1225<br />2 children|| 12 February 1242<br />Martirano<br />aged 30||Son of Frederick II<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Conrad I<br />1250–1254 || ||25 April 1228<br />Andria<br />son of Frederick II and Isabella II of Jerusalem ||Elisabeth of Bavaria<br />1 September 1246<br />1 child|| 21 May 1254<br />Lavello<br />aged 26||Son of Frederick II<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Conrad II the Younger<br /> aka Conradin <br />1254–1258|| ||25 March 1252<br />Wolfstein<br />son of Conrad I and Elisabeth of Bavaria ||never married||29 October 1268<br />Naples<br />aged 16<br />(executed)||Son of Conrad I<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Manfred<br />1258–1266|| ||1232<br />Illegitimate son of Frederick II ||Beatrice of Savoy<br />21 April 1247<br />1 child<br /><br />Helena Angelina Doukaina<br />9 November 1255<br />5 children||26 February 1266<br />Battle of Benevento<br />aged 34<br />(killed in action)||Illegitimate son of Frederick II<hr>Seizure |-
Manfred was regent of Sicily for his nephew, the child Conrad II ("Conradin"), but took the crown in 1258, and continued to fight to keep the kingdom under the Hohenstaufen. In 1254 the pope, having declared the kingdom a Papal possession, offered the crown to the King of England's son, Edmund Crouchback, but the English never succeeded in taking the kingdom. In 1262 the pope reversed his previous decision and granted the kingdom to the King of France's brother, Charles of Anjou, who succeeded in dispossessing Manfred in 1266. Conradin continued his claim to the throne until his death by decapitation perpetrated by Charles of Anjou in 1268.
Edmund Crouchback, son of King Henry III of England, claimed the Crown of Sicily between 1254 and 1263. Both he and his father took the claim very seriously, but it was completely ineffectual.
| Charles I<br />1266–1282 || || 21 March 1227<br />son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile || Beatrice of Provence<br />31 January 1246<br />6 children<br /><br />Margaret of Nevers<br />18 November 1268<br />childless || 7 January 1285<br />Foggia<br />aged 57 |-
Peter III of Aragon, Manfred's son in law, of the House of Barcelona, conquered the island of Sicily from Charles I in 1282 and had himself crowned King of Sicily. Thereafter the old Kingdom of Sicily was centred on the mainland, with capital at Naples, and although informally called Kingdom of Naples it was still known formally as "Kingdom of Sicily". Thus, there were two "Sicilies" â the island kingdom, however, was often called "Sicily beyond the Lighthouse" or "Trinacria", by terms of a treaty between the two states.
| Constance II<br />1268/1282–1285<br /><small>(joint rule)</small> || || 1249 <br />Sicily<br /> daughter of Manfred of Sicily and Beatrice of Savoy || Peter I the Great<br />13 June 1262<br /> 6 children || 9 April 1302<br />Barcelona, Spain<br /> aged 52 or 53||Daughter of Manfred of Sicily<hr>Right of conquest |- | Peter I the Great<br />1282–1285<br /><small>(joint rule)</small> || || 1240<br />Valencia<br />son of James I of Aragon and Yolanda of Hungary || Constance of Sicily<br />13 June 1262<br />6 children || 2 November 1285<br />Vilafranca del Penedès<br />aged 45||Husband of Constance II<hr>Jure uxoris |- | James the Just<br />1285–1295|| ||10 August 1267<br />Valencia<br />son of Peter I and Constance of Sicily|| Isabella of Castile<br />1 December 1291 <br />No children<br /><br />Blanche of Anjou<br />29 October 1295<br />10 children<br /><br />Marie de Lusignan<br />15 June 1315 <br />No children<br /><br />Elisenda de Montcada<br />25 December 1322 <br />No children || 5 November 1327<br />Barcelona<br />aged 60||Son of Peter I and Constance II<hr>Salic patrimony |- | Frederick III<br />1295–1337 || || 13 December 1272<br />Barcelona<br />son of Peter I and Constance of Sicily|| Eleanor of Anjou<br />17 May 1302<br />9 children || 25 June 1337<br />Palermo<br />aged 65||Regent brother of James<hr>Election |- | Peter II<br />1337–1342 || ||July 1305<br />son of Frederick II and Eleanor of Anjou|| Elisabeth of Carinthia<br />23 April 1322<br />9 children ||15 August 1342<br />Calascibetta<br />aged 37||Son of Frederick II<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Louis<br />1342–1355 || ||1337<br />Catania<br />son of Peter II and Elisabeth of Carinthia|| Never married||16 October 1355<br />Aci Castello<br />aged 18||Son of Peter II<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Frederick IV the Simple<br />1355–1377 || ||1 September 1341<br />Catania<br />son of Peter II and Elisabeth of Carinthia|| Constance of Aragon<br />11 April 1361<br />1 child<br /><br />Antonia of Balzo<br />17 January 1372<br />No children || 27 January 1377<br />Messina<br />aged 36||Son of Peter II<br>Brother of Louis<hr>Agnatic primogeniture |- | Maria<br />1377–1401<br /><small>(joint rule)</small>|| ||1363<br />Catania<br />daughter of Frederick III and Constance of Aragon|| Martin I of Sicily<br />1390<br />1 child || 25 May 1401<br />Lentini<br />aged 38||Daughter of Frederick III<hr>Cognatic primogeniture |- | Martin I the Younger<br />1390–1409<br /><small>(joint rule)</small>|| ||1374<br />son of Martin I of Aragon (Martin II of Sicily) and Maria of Luna|| Maria of Sicily<br />1390<br />1 child || 25 July 1409<br />Cagliari<br />aged 35||Husband of Maria<hr>Jure uxoris |- | Martin II the Elder<br />1409–1410 || || 1356<br />Girona<br />son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily||Maria de Luna<br />13 June 1372<br />4 children<br /><br />Margarita of Aragon-Prades<br />1409<br />No children||31 May 1410<br />Barcelona<br />aged 54||Maternal grandson of Peter II<hr>Cognatic primogeniture |-
Martin II of Sicily died without an heir in 1410 and the kingdom was inherited by his nephew.
| Ferdinand I the Honest<br />1412–1416 || || 27 November 1380<br />Medina del Campo<br />son of John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon||Eleanor of Alburquerque<br />1394<br />8 children|| 2 April 1416<br />Igualada<br />aged 36 |- | Alfonso the Magnanimous<br />1416–1458 || || 1396<br />Medina del Campo<br />son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque||Maria of Castile<br />1415<br />No children|| 27 June 1458<br />Naples<br />aged 52 |- | John the Great<br />1458–1468|| || 29 June 1397<br />Medina del Campo<br />son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque|| Blanche I of Navarre<br />6 November 1419<br />4 children<br /><br />Juana EnrÃÂquez<br />2 children ||20 January 1479<br />Barcelona<br />aged 81 |- | Ferdinand II the Catholic<br />1468–1516|| || 10 March 1452<br />son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez|| Isabella I of Castile<br />19 October 1469<br />5 children<br /><br />Germaine of Foix<br />1505<br />No children ||23 January 1516<br />Madrigalejo<br />aged 63 |- | Joanna the Mad<br />1516–1555|| || 6 November 1479<br />daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile|| Philip IV of Burgundy<br />1496<br />6 children|| 12 April 1555<br />Madrigalejo<br />aged 75 |-
Joanna was confined under alleged insanity during her whole reign.
|- | Charles II<br />1516âÂÂ1554 || || 24 February 1500<br />Ghent<br />son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile||Isabella of Portugal<br />10 March 1526<br />3 children ||21 September 1558<br />Yuste<br />aged 58 |- | Philip I<br />1554âÂÂ1598 || || 21 May 1527<br />Valladolid<br />son of Charles I and Isabella of Portugal||Maria of Portugal<br />1543<br />1 child<br /><br />Mary I of England<br />1554<br />No children<br /><br />Elisabeth of Valois<br />1559<br />2 children<br /><br />Anna of Austria<br />4 May 1570<br />5 children||13 September 1598<br />Madrid<br />aged 71 |- | Philip II<br />1598âÂÂ1621|| || 14 April 1578<br />Madrid<br />son of Philip I and Anna of Austria||Margaret of Austria<br />18 April 1599<br />5 children||31 March 1621<br />Madrid<br />aged 42 |- | Philip III<br />1621âÂÂ1665|| || 8 April 1605<br />Valladolid<br />son of Philip II and Margaret of Austria||Elisabeth of Bourbon<br />1615<br />7 children<br /><br />Mariana of Austria<br />1649<br />5 children<br /><br />||17 September 1665<br />Madrid<br />aged 60 |- | Charles III<br />1665âÂÂ1700|| || 6 November 1661<br />Madrid<br />son of Philip III and Mariana of Austria||Maria Luisa of Orléans<br />19 November 1679<br />No children<br /><br />Maria Anna of Neuburg<br />14 May 1690<br />No children<br /><br />||1 November 1700<br />Madrid<br />aged 38 |-
|- | Philip IV<br />1700âÂÂ1713|| || 19 December 1683<br />Versailles<br />son of Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Anna of Bavaria||Maria Luisa of Savoy<br />2 November 1701<br />4 children<br /><br />Elisabeth of Parma<br />24 December 1714<br />7 children<br /><br />||9 July 1746<br />Madrid<br />aged 62 |-
At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, by the Treaty of Utrecht, Sicily was ceded to the Duke of Savoy.
| Victor Amadeus<br />1713–1720 || || 14 May 1666<br />Turin<br />son of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and Marie Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie-Nemours||Anne Marie of Orléans<br />10 April 1684<br />6 children||31 October 1732<br />Moncalieri<br />aged 66 |-
The Spanish invaded the kingdom in 1718 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The Duke of Savoy ceded it to Austria in 1720 by the Treaty of The Hague.
| Charles IV<br />1720–1735 || || 1 October 1685<br />Vienna<br />son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg||Elisabeth Christine<br />1 August 1708<br />4 children|| 20 October 1740<br />Vienna<br />aged 55 |-
Charles I, Duke of Parma conquered the kingdom during the War of the Polish Succession. At the end of the war, Sicily was ceded to him as Charles III of Sicily.
| Charles V<br />1735–1759 || || 20 January 1716<br />Madrid<br />son of Philip IV and Elizabeth of Parma||Maria Amalia of Saxony<br />1738<br />13 children||14 December 1788<br />Madrid<br />aged 72 |- | Ferdinand III<br />1759–1816|| || 12 January 1751<br />Naples<br />son of Charles III and Maria Amalia of Saxony||Marie Caroline of Austria<br />12 May 1768<br />17 children<br /><br />Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia<br />27 November 1814<br />No children||4 January 1825<br />Naples<br />aged 73 |-
In 1816 the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily were merged as the new Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.