Kannada grammar () is the set of structural rules of the Kannada language. Standard Kannada grammatical description dates back to Keshiraja's exposition Shabdamanidarpana (c. 1260 CE), which remains an authoritative reference.. Earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga (a treatise on literary ornament, or alaá¹ kÃÂra) of the 9th century, and Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana both authored by Nagavarma II in first half of the 12th century. The first treatise on Kannada grammar in English was written in 1864 by Rev. Thomas Hodson, a Wesleyan missionary, as An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language
According to Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana, there are nine gender forms in Kannada. However, in modern Kannada literature only three gender forms are used in practice: masculine, feminine, and neuter. All Kannada nouns have a gender, which is usually highly predictable: natural gender tends to correspond with the grammatical gender category. However, certain concepts personified by deities, such as sà «rya, meaning 'the sun', share the grammatical gender of the deity, which in this case is masculine.
Nouns that do not belong to either of the above two classes are considered to have neuter gender.
Kannada has eight cases:
Because the study of Kannada grammar is based on Sanskrit grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the ablative case (à ² à ²ªà ²¾à ²¦à ²¾à ²¨à ²µà ²¿à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ²¿). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the genitive case of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun dese, meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada ablative literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for proprietyâÂÂit is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative. In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.
Of course, Marada deseyiá¹Âda allige hà Âdenu. would also be correct. Note that the nominative-case and accusative-case forms of a noun are often in the colloquial dialect substituted by the crude base.
There are, as in English, two grammatical numbers: the singular number (à ²Âà ²Âà ²µà ²Âà ²¨) and the plural number (à ²¬à ²¹à ³Âà ²µà ²Âà ²¨). In declension, the plural form of a masculine or feminine noun is made by suffixing 'à ² à ²°à ³Â' (ar) to the crude base, and then the case ending, and the plural form of a neuter noun is made by suffixing (gaḷ) to the crude base, and then the case ending.
However, nouns of relationship, such as 'mother', 'great-grandfather', 'son-in-law', and 'younger brother', which are always masculine or feminine, have the plural number marker (aá¹Âdir), as in the following examples:
Kannada has four declensions (à ²µà ²¿à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ²¿ à ²ªà ²°à ²¿à ²£à ²¾à ²®), or groups of case endings. The first declension includes all masculine and feminine nouns that end in à ² -a; the second declension includes all neuter nouns that end in à ² -a; the third declension includes all nouns of all genders that end in à ² -i, à ² -ë, à ² -e, à ² -ÃÂ, or à ² -ai; the fourth declension includes all nouns of all genders that end in à ² -u, à ² -à Â, à ² -á¹Â, à ² -à Â, or à ² -au.
Sandhi (à ²µà ²¿à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ²¿à ²ªà ²°à ²¿à ²£à ²¾à ²®à ²¦ à ²¸à ²Âà ²§à ²¿) is the mutation of the final or initial letters of a word for euphony. Sandhi occurs very often in declension.
In the first declension and in the second declension, the only sandhi that occurs is the elision (dropping) of the final 'à ² ' ('atva') before a plural marker or case ending that begins with a vowel.
In the third declension, a euphonic 'à ²¯à ³Â' ('yatva') must be inserted after the noun before a plural marker or case ending that begins with a vowel.
In the fourth declension, a euphonic 'à ²µà ³Â' ('vatva') must be inserted after the noun before a plural marker or case ending that begins with a vowel. However, when a Kannada noun ends in a 'à ²Â' that was already added for euphony at some original stage, that final vowel is eliminated when the noun is followed by a plural marker or case ending that begins with a vowel. However, technically true bases have no final vowel (although the base still takes the fourth declension endings), that euphonic à ² u is elided during declension. These words that already have a euphonic à ² u that is elided during declension attached to their end must be learned, but most native Kannada, or originally Kannada, words have this 'euphonic à ² u on their end, because not many Kannada words originally ended in à ² u.
Note that for the instrumental case, the genitive case, and the locative case, the case ending first given is generally preferred.
Kannada, as does English, uses adjectives and adverbs as modifiers. Kannada does not have articles. However, the adjectives à ² Ã ('that') and à ²Âà ²Âà ²¦à ³ oá¹Âdu ('one') can be used as the definite and the indefinite article, respectively.
Kannada possess few adjectives that are not derived from some noun. Adjectivalizing suffixes include à ²Âà ²¦ -ÃÂda (literally: 'which/that became') and à ²Âà ² -ika.
Kannada lacks true predicate adjectives. To use an adjective predicatively, suffix the third-person pronoun to the end of the adjective that matches the subject.
Adverbs are formed by the suffix à ²Âà ²Âà ²¿ -ÃÂgi. Adverbs can be added to adjectives or to nouns, unlike in English, where '-ly' can only be suffixed to adjectives.
Sandhi is the mutation of the final or initial letters of a word for euphony. Sandhi with verbs applies in any case when the form of a verb is being changed.
When any verb form (à ²Âà ³Âà ²°à ²¿à ²¯à ²¾à ²°à ³Âà ²ª) ends with the vowel 'à ² ' ('atva') or with the vowel 'à ²Â' ('utva'), eliminate that final vowel if a suffix that begins with a vowel follows.
à ²¬à ²°à ³ (crude verb form; 'come') âÂ à ²¬à ²°à ³ + à ² à ²²à ²¿ (third person singular imperative suffix) = à ²¬à ²°à ²²à ²¿
When the crude form/root of the verb (à ²Âà ³Âà ²°à ²¿à ²¯à ²¾à ²ªà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ²¿) ends with the vowel 'à ²Â' ('itva') or with the vowel 'à ²Â' ('etva') or with the vowel 'à ²Â' ('ÃÂtva'), insert a euphonic 'à ²¯à ³Â' ('yatva') after the form if a suffix that begins with a vowel follows.
à ²¬à ²°à ³ (bare) (crude verb form; 'write') âÂ à ²¬à ²°à ³Âà ²¯à ³ (barey)+ à ² à ²²à ³ (-al) (infinitive form suffix) + à ²ªà ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ²¿à ²¤à ³ (paá¹Âá¹Âitu) (past passive third person singular neuter suffix) = à ²¬à ²°à ³Âà ²¯à ²²à ³Âà ²ªà ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ²¿à ²¤à ³ (bareyalpaá¹Âá¹Âitu)(past passive third person neuter form of 'à ²¬à ²°à ³Â'; 'it was written')
When any other form of the verb ends with the vowel 'à ²Â' ('itva') or with the vowel 'à ²Â' ('etva'), eliminate that final vowel if a suffix that begins with a vowel follows. No other verb form other than the crude form/root of a verb will end in 'à ²Â'.
à ²®à ²¾à ²¡à ³ (crude verb form; 'make') âÂ à ²®à ²¾à ²¡à ²¿ (past adverbial participle; 'having made') + à ²Âà ²¤à ³ (past active third person singular imperative suffix) = à ²®à ²¾à ²¡à ²¿à ²¤à ³Â
Kannada verbs have several forms: an affirmative form (à ²¨à ²¿à ²¶à ³Âà ²Âà ²¯à ²°à ³Âà ²ª), a contingent-future, or potential, form (à ²¸à ²Âà ²Âà ²¾à ²µà ²°à ³Âà ²ª), an imperative form (à ²µà ²¿à ²§à ²¿à ²°à ³Âà ²ª), and a negative form (à ²¨à ²¿à ²·à ³Âà ²§à ²°à ³Âà ²ª). The contingent-future form expresses the idea of the possibility of an action's occurrence at the present or in the future; the imperative form commands, exhorts, or optates.
As in English, the three tenses (à ²Âà ²¾à ²²à ²Âà ²³à ³Â) include the present tense (à ²µà ²°à ³Âà ²¤à ²®à ²¾à ²¨à ²Âà ²¾à ²²), the past tense (à ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ²Âà ²¾à ²²), and the future tense (à ²Âà ²µà ²¿à ²·à ³Âà ²¯à ²¤à ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²Âà ²¾à ²²). However, distinct forms for each of these tenses exist only in the affirmative form. The imperative form, as in English, lacks tense, and because of the meaning of the contingent-future form, it also lacks tense distinctions. The negative form is peculiar, for its forms can possess a present-tense, past-tense, or future-tense meaning, to be inferred from context; in the modern dialect, other modes of negation are employed.
There are two grammatical aspects (à ²¸à ³Âà ²¥à ²¿à ²¤à ²¿à ²Âà ²³à ³Â) of verbsâÂÂthe perfect aspect (à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ³Âà ²£à ²µà ²¾à ²Âà ² à ²¸à ³Âà ²¥à ²¿à ²¤à ²¿), in which the action has already occurred at the time expressed by the tense of the verb, and the progressive aspect (à ²Âà ²¤à ²¿à ²¸à ³Âà ²Âà ² à ²¸à ³Âà ²¥à ²¿à ²¤à ²¿), in which the action is ongoing at the time expressed by the tense of the verb.
The expression of voice (à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ²¯à ³Âà ²Â) in Kannada is quite different than in English, but the same two voices exist in both languagesâÂÂthe active voice (à ²Âà ²°à ³Âà ²¤à ²°à ³ à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ²¯à ³Âà ²Â) and the passive voice (à ²Âà ²°à ³Âà ²®à ²£à ²¿ à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ²¯à ³Âà ²Â).
Finite Kannada verbs are conjugated for all these properties as well as three properties of the subject: person (à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ³Âà ²·), number (à ²µà ²Âà ²¨), and gender (à ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ²Â). There are three persons in Kannada as in English: thefirst person (à ²Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤à ²® à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ³Âà ²·), the second person (à ²®à ²§à ³Âà ²¯à ²® à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ³Âà ²·), and the third person (à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ²¥à ²® à ²ªà ³Âà ²°à ³Âà ²·)âÂÂas well as a singular number (à ²Âà ²Âà ²µà ²Âà ²¨) and a plural number (à ²¬à ²¹à ³Âà ²µà ²Âà ²¨). Whether a noun is of the masculine gender (à ²ªà ³Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ²Â), of the feminine gender (à ²¸à ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²°à ³Âà ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ²Â), or of the neuter gender (à ²¨à ²ªà ³Âà ²Âà ²¸à ²Âà ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ²Â) is decided semantically. All nouns denoting male entities, including entities personifiedâÂÂfor example, religiouslyâÂÂas male entities, are masculine, and all feminine nouns denote female entities or femalely personified entities; the remaining nouns fall into the neuter gender.
The first non-finite verb form is the infinitive form (à ²Âà ²¾à ²µà ²°à ³Âà ²ª). There are three infinitives, which vary in their uses and their endings. Other than the infinitive, Kannada has two types of participleâÂÂan adjectival participle (à ²Âà ³Âà ²¦à ³Âà ²µà ²¾à ²Âà ²¿) and an adverbial participle (à ²Âà ³Âà ²°à ²¿à ²¯à ²¾à ²¨à ³Âà ²¯à ³Âà ²¨). While the present participle of English can function both adjectivally and adverbially, and the past participle can function only adjectivally, Kannada participlesâ functions are quite consistent. The Kannada adjectival participle is peculiar, for it takes the place of the relative pronoun that introduces a restrictive relative clause, the verb of the relative clause, and if the relative pronoun is a prepositional complement, of the governing preposition. There is a present-future adjectival participle, as well as a past adjectival participle. The adverbial participle has a present-tense form and a past-tense form, and modifies the verb of the sentence. The adverbial participle may accept its own nominative, as may the adjectival participle in its clause. Kannada does not have a gerund, but nouns that express the same idea can be formed by suffixing the third-person neuter pronoun to the present adjectival participle.
To form the present adverbial participle of a verb, add the suffix 'à ²Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤' to the crude form of the verb. There are no exceptions in the modern dialect, but occasionally the forms 'à ²Âà ²¤' or 'à ²Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤à ²¾' may appear.
To form the past adverbial participle of a verb that ends in âÂÂà ²Â,â (-u) add the suffix âÂÂà ²Ââ (-i) to the crude form of the verb. To form the past adverbial participle of a verb that ends in any vowel but âÂÂà ²Â,â (-u) add the suffix âÂÂà ²¦à ³Ââ (-du) to the crude form of the verb.
There are many oddly formed past adverbial participles, some of them irregular, and some of them following old formations, and others changed for euphony. They are listed below:
For these verbs, or any modern forms of them:
suffix âÂÂà ²¤à ³Â.âÂÂ
Certain final consonants are replaced with other consonants before the âÂÂà ²¦à ³Ââ or the âÂÂà ²¤à ³Ââ of the past participle. Before 'à ²¦à ³Â': à ²²à ³ âÂ à ²¦à ³Â; à ²³à ³ âÂ à ²¦à ³Â. Before âÂÂà ²¤à ³ÂâÂÂ: à ²±à ³ âÂ à ²¤à ³Â; à ²±à ³ (in which the final âÂÂà ²Ââ was originally euphonic, as with the euphonic âÂÂà ²Ââ for nouns) âÂ à ²¤à ³Â
The following verbsâ past participles can be formed regularly, but there is also another, irregular form of those verbs: à ²Âà ²Âà ³ âÂ à ²Âà ²¯à ³Â; à ²ªà ³Âà ²Âà ³ âÂ à ²ªà ³Âà ²¯à ³Â; à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ³ âÂ à ²¹à ³Âà ²¯à ³Â
To form the present-future adjectival participle, add the suffix âÂÂà ²Âà ²µâ (-uva) to the crude form of the verb. There are not irregulars for this form in the modern dialect.
The past adjectival participle of the verb is formed from the past adverbial participle. If the past adverbial participle of a verb ends in 'à ²Â' (-u), add 'à ² ' (-a) to the end of the past adverbial participle to form the past adjectival participle. If the past adverbial participle of a verb ends in 'à ²Â' (-i), add 'à ²¦' (-da) to the end of the past adverbial participle.
Irregular past adjectival participles include: 'à ²Âà ²¦' (ÃÂda), from crude verb root 'à ²Âà ²Âà ³Â' (ÃÂgu, to be/become); 'à ²ªà ³Âà ²¦' (pà Âda), from crude verb root 'à ²ªà ³Âà ²Âà ³Â' (pà Âgu, to go); and 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²¦' (hà Âda), from crude verb root 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ³Â' (hà Âgu, to go).
To conjugate verbs in their present-tense affirmative form, attach the following suffixes to the present adverbial participle.
To conjugate verbs in their past-tense affirmative form, attach the following suffixes to the past adjectival participle, except for the third person neuter singular suffix, which is attached to the past adverbial participle.
To conjugate verbs in their future-tense affirmative form, attach the following suffixes to the present-future adjectival participle.
The negative form of the verb does not have any tense. Tense must be told from context. However, more commonly used to negate a verb is the negative word 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²'.
Suffix these terminations (which are the same as the future tense's suffixes) to the verbal infinitive that ends in "à ² " for the tenseless negative form:
The negative form has only the irregular formation that 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' may be alternatively used in place of the regular negative forms of 'à ²Âà ²°à ³Â'.
The contingent-future form expresses the idea that the action of a verb may perhaps occur in the future. For example, 'à ²®à ²¾à ²¡à ²¿à ²¯à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â', which is conjugated in the contingent-future form, may be translated as 'I might do (it)'.
These are the suffixes for the contingent-future form, suffixed to the past adverbial participle for verbs ending in 'à ²Â' or the past adjectival participle for verbs ending in 'à ²Â' or 'à ²Â':
The contingent-future form does not have irregular formations.
The imperative form of the verb optates, exhorts, or commands. For example, the first-person and the third-person imperative expresses the idea of 'may/let {I/we/he/she/it/they} ___'. However, the second-person imperative is used either to command ('Do something!') or with an optative or jussive sense ('may you ___'), depending on the verb's meaning and the context.
These suffixes are attached to the root of the verb:
Below are the irregular imperative forms:
Below is a table that shows how a verb ending in 'à ²Â' conjugates and how a verb ending in 'à ²Â' or 'à ²Â' conjugates with the verbs 'à ²®à ²¾à ²¡à ³Â' (to do) and 'à ²Âà ²°à ³Â' (to call) respectively. It also shows the conjugation of the irregular verb 'à ²Âà ²°à ³Â' (to be/exist) which is also used as an auxiliary verb.
Kannada word order is 'S-O-V', or 'subject-object-verb', as opposed to English, which is a 'S-V-O', or 'subject-verb-object' language. However, in Kannada, due to its highly inflected nature, a sentence's word order may be freely changed for style or emphasis.
Kannada sentences have two basic parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject consists of the central topic of the sentence, declined to the nominative case, while the predicate consists of a verb, often with an object (which formally should be in the accusative case), or may have no verb and object at all but rather simply have another noun declined in the nominative case, known as the predicate nominative, where an equivalency statement is intended.
Example: à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³ (subject) à ²®à ³Âà ²Âà ²¨à ³Âà ²¨à ³ (object) à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²¨à ³ (verb). ('I built the table.' Here, the subject is 'I' and 'built the table' is the predicate, with 'built' as the verb and 'the table' as the object.
<nowiki>Example: à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³ (subject) à ²Âà ²¨à ³Âà ²¨à ²¡à ²¦ à ²µà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²¯à ²¾à ²°à ³Âà ²¥à ²¿à ²¯à ³ (predicate nominative). ('I (am) a student of Kannada.' Note that there is no direct Kannada equivalent for the verb 'to be' as a copula [linking verb], because Kannada is a zero-copula language, although the sentence may be alternatively written 'à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³ à ²Âà ²¨à ³Âà ²¨à ²¡à ²¦ à ²µà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²¯à ²¾à ²°à ³Âà ²¥à ²¿(à ²¯à ²¨à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â) à ²Âà ²Âà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²§à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â.' literally meaning 'I am/exist having become a student of Kannada.'</nowiki>
In Kannada, the subject is declined to the nominative case. While the subject almost always performs the action in Kannada (use of the passive voice is highly rare), the subject may actually be the patient.
In a sentence with a subject, verb, and object, if the subject has already been made clear or is known from context, the subject may be omitted, with the predicate standing alone to make the sentence.
Example: à ²®à ²¨à ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²µà ³Âà ²¨à ³Â. ('I will go home.' Here, we can omit the subject 'à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³Â', meaning 'I' because it is clear by the termination of the verb (a first-person singular termination, the same person and number of 'I') that the subject is 'I'.
Example: à ²µà ²¿à ²¨à ²¯à ²¨à ³ à ²Âà ²µà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤à ³ à ²µà ²¶à ²¾à ²²à ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ²²à ²¿à ²²à ³Âà ²². à ²®à ²¨à ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²¬à ²Âà ²¦à ²¨à ³Â. ('Vinay did not go to school today. {Vinay/he} came home.' In the second sentence, the subject 'Vinay' is omitted because it is clear from the previous sentence that the subject is 'Vinay'.)
In Kannada, there cannot be more than one finite, or conjugated, verb in the sentence. For example, the sentence 'I went to school and came home.' cannot be literally translated into Kannada. The Kannada equivalent of that sentence would be 'Having gone to school, I came home.' In Kannada, adverbial participles must be used.
Example: à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³ à ²µà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²¯à ²¾à ²²à ²¯à ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ²¿ à ²®à ²¨à ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²¬à ²Âà ²¦à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â. ('I, having gone to school, came home.' / 'I went to school and came home.')
Example: à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³ à ²Âà ²¡à ²¿ à ²Âà ²¡à ³Âà ²µà ³Âà ²¨à ³Â. ('I, having run, will play.' / 'I will run and play.' Note that if the intention is to say that the two actions will happen simultaneously ('I will play as I run.') then the sentence would be written 'à ²¨à ²¾à ²¨à ³ à ²Âà ²¡à ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²Âà ²¡à ³Âà ²µà ³Âà ²¨à ³Â.')
In Kannada, the dative construction is used often. The dative construction occurs when the semantic subject is in the dative case and semantic direct object is in the nominative case. For example, in Kannada, one does not say 'I feel cold'; rather, one says the equivalent of 'cold is happening to me' ('à ²¨à ²¨à ²Âà ³ à ²Âà ²³à ²¿à ²¯à ³ à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²Âà ²¦à ³Â'). Similarly, one says 'dinner is wanted to me' ('à ²¨à ²¨à ²Âà ³ à ²Âà ²Âà ²µà ³ à ²¬à ³Âà ²Âà ³Â' or 'à ²¨à ²¨à ²Âà ³ à ²Âà ²Âà ²µà ³ à ²¬à ³Âà ²Âà ²¾à ²Âà ²¿à ²¦à ³Â'; the latter literally is broken apart 'à ²¨à ²¨à ²Âà ³ à ²Âà ²Âà ²µà ³ à ²¬à ³Âà ²Âà ²¾à ²Âà ²¿ à ²Âà ²¦à ³Â', literally meaning 'to me, dinner has become wanted/needed').
Yet another example is the use with 'à ²Âà ²·à ³Âà ²Â'. For example, one says 'à ²¨à ²¨à ²Âà ³ à ²¸à ³Âà ²¬à ³Âà ²Âà ²³à ³ à ²Âà ²·à ³Âà ² à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤à ²µà ³Â' (idiomatically--'I like apples'; literally--'to me, apples become pleasure').
Dative constructions are used to make the equivalent of English sensory linking verbs and with many modal auxiliary verbs. For example, 'I see him' is translated as 'he causes me to see (him)', with 'me' in the dative case.
Kannada does not have any semantically negative words such as 'never', 'no one', and 'nothing'. These words are expressed by negating the verb with the positive equivalent of the negative word. For example, in Kannada, one cannot say 'students never go to school on Sundays'; one must say the equivalent of 'students do not go to school on Sundays ever' ('à ²Âà ²¾à ²¨à ³Âà ²µà ²¾à ²° à ²µà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²¯à ²¾à ²°à ³Âà ²¥à ²¿à ²Âà ²³à ³ à ²¯à ²¾à ²µà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤à ³ à ²¶à ²¾à ²²à ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ²°à ³Â'). Similarly, for 'no one goes to school on Sundays', one says 'anyone does not go to school on Sundays' ('à ²¯à ²°à ³ à ²µà ²¿à ²¦à ³Âà ²¯à ²²à ²¯à ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ³ à ²Âà ²¾à ²¨à ²µà ²¾à ²°à ²Âà ²³ à ²®à ³Âà ²²à ³ à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²µà ²¦à ²¿à ²²à ³Âà ²²').
Example: 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²à ³ à ² à ²Âà ³Âà ²·à ²£à ³Âà ²¯à ²¨à ³Âà ²¨à ³ à ²Âà ²¨à ²°à ³ à ² à ²Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ²°à ²¿à ²¸à ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ²¿à ²²à ³Âà ²².' ('Nowhere will the people accept that declaration.')
Although there is a negative 'mood' or form of the verb in Kannada, it is not used commonly anymore. In addition, the negative form does not express time distinctions, so analytic negative forms are employed.
There is no negative adverb like 'not' in Kannada. Analytic verb negation is very peculiar, and it employs a form of 'à ²Âà ²°à ³Â' ('to be, exist'), which is 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²'. However, negative Kannada verbs with 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' do not have personal terminationsâÂÂthey do not indicate the person, gender, or number of the subject.
To form a past negative verb with 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²', suffix 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' to the infinitive form of the verb ending in 'à ² à ²²à ³Â'. To form a present negative verb with 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²', suffix 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' to the verbal noun of the verb. To form a future negative verb, either use the present-tense negative form of the verb with 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' or suffix 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' to the infinitive form of the verb ending in 'à ² à ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ³Â'.
Aspect is expressed by 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' in the normal wayâÂÂby using a negative form of 'à ²Âà ²°à ³Â' with an adverbial participle. For example, 'I will not have been being hit' is 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²¡à ²¿à ²¯à ²²à ³Âà ²ªà ²¡à ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²Âà ²¦à ³Âà ²¦à ³ à ²Âà ²°à ²²à ²¿à ²Âà ³Âà ²Âà ²¿à ²²à ³Âà ²²'.
Example: 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²Âà ²°à ³Âà ²µà ²¦à ²¿à ²²à ³Âà ²².' ('I am not going.')
Example: 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ²¿ à ²Âà ²°à ²²à ²¿à ²²à ³Âà ²².' ('I had not gone.')
However, in the present tense, one can directly use 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²' after the participle to express aspect.
Example: 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²².' ('I am not going.')
Example: 'à ²¹à ³Âà ²Âà ²¿ à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²².' ('I have not gone.')
Adverbial participles have a negative form, created by suffix 'à ² à ²¦à ³Â' to the crude form of the verb. This form is tenseless, and is best translated as 'without ___ing'. For example 'à ²¨à ³Âà ²¡à ²¿ à ²¹à ³Âà ²¦à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â' means 'I went having seen (it)', 'à ²¨à ³Âà ²¡à ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²¹à ³Âà ²¦à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â' means 'seeing (it), I went' or 'I went seeing (it)', and 'à ²¨à ³Âà ²¡à ²¦à ³ à ²¹à ³Âà ²¦à ³Âà ²¨à ³Â' means 'I went not seeing (it)', "I went not having seen (it)', or 'I went without seeing (it)'.
However, 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²', derived from 'à ²Âà ²°à ³Â' has an adverbial participle form â 'à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²à ²¦à ³Â' â and this can be used to keep tense when the adverbial participle must be negated. For example, one can say 'à ²¨à ³Âà ²¡à ²¿ à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²à ²¦à ³Â' to definitively mean 'not having seen, and 'à ²¨à ³Âà ²¡à ³Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¤ à ²Âà ²²à ³Âà ²²à ²¦à ³Â' to definitively mean 'not seeing'.