Kaithi (, ), also called Kayathi (), Kayasthi (, ), Kayastani, or Kaite Lipi () in Nepali, is a Brahmic script historically used across parts of Northern and Eastern India. It was prevalent in regions corresponding to modern-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand. The script was primarily utilized for legal, administrative, and private records and was adapted for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including Angika, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hindustani, Surjapuri, Maithili, Magahi, and Nagpuri.
The name Kaithi script is derived from the term Kayastha, a socio-professional group historically linked to writing, record-keeping and administration. This community served in royal courts and later in British colonial administration, maintaining revenue records, legal documents, title deeds, and general correspondence.
The Kaithi script is used in the multilingual stone inscription of King Pratap Malla, dated to 1654 CE. In this inscription, the name âÂÂKayathinÃÂgara ÃÂkharaâ (Newar:ðÂÂÂð«ð ð¶ð£ðµðÂÂÂð¬ ðÂÂÂðÂÂÂð¬, âÂÂKayathinagari scriptâÂÂ) is used to refer to this script in Newar language. This script is also known as Kaite Lipi in Nepali language.
Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani. Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh.
In the late 19th century, John Nesfield in Oudh, George Campbell of Inverneill in Bihar and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education. Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.
On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.
This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.
Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.
It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.
Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:
Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:
All Kaithi consonants have an inherent /a/ vowel:
Notes:
In the Kaithi script, conjunct consonant ligatures called Sanyuktakshar ( , <small>romanised:</small> Sanyuktachhar ), are generally less complex and standardised than those found in Devanagari, because of the morphology of the languages Kaithi is written in. In spoken Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Awadhi, there is significant simplification of consonant clusters through metathesis. Complex phonemes like /ksha/ (<small>Dev:</small> / <small>Kthi:</small> ) from Sanskrit are instead replaced by simpler phonemes like /cha/ ().
The second reason is Kaithi's orthographic nature. Because Kaithi was optimised by removing the shirorekha, to efficiently and rapidly transcribe information through continuous rapid strokes, historically, scribes have often avoided complex conjunct forms. Instead, they preferred to write the consonants sequentially, using an explicit virama () to suppress the inherent vowel. However, ligated forms also exist, particularly in the Tirhuti class of Kaithi.
Example: The conjunct mba can be rendered as:
the same conjunct mba can be ligated as:
When ligatures are employed, they typically follow two primary structural patterns:
Geminates are among the most frequently encountered ligatures in historical Kaithi manuscripts. They can be ligated or unligated, depending upon the scribe.
Similar to Devanagari, when the consonant /þa/ () is part of a conjunct, it takes on a specialised reduced shape depending on its position in the consonant cluster.
Below is a comprehensive table of all 1225 possible biconsonantal Kaithi conjunct clusters. The derived characters /ý/ () and /ýñ/ () have also been included. Some of the ligated conjuncts may not be viable combinations in any language.
The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants. The vowel diacritics on consonants are called kakahÃÂrà(ðÂÂÂðÂÂÂð¯ð°ð©ð°).
Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks:
General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:
Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devanagari numeral. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.
The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in various languages using the Kaithi script:
Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF:
The first Bhojpuri quarterly Bagsar SamÃÂchar was published in this script in 1915.