Jonas à  lià «pas (6 March 1861 â 6 November 1944) was a prominent and prolific Lithuanian activist during the Lithuanian National Revival. For 35 years, he lived in the United States working to build national consciousness of Lithuanian Americans. He edited numerous periodicals, organized various societies, and published some 70 books and brochures on various topics. His sharp criticism of the Catholic Church made him highly controversial and unpopular among the conservative Lithuanians.
As a student at Mitau Gymnasium, à  lià «pas read works by John William Draper that he later credited for laying the foundations for his lifelong dedication to freethought, promotion of science, and criticism of the Catholic Church. His studies at the Imperial Moscow University and Saint Petersburg Imperial University were cut short when was imprisoned for participating in a student riot in 1882. He fled to East Prussia where he edited Auà ¡ra, the first Lithuanian newspaper. He fled from the German police to United States in June 1884. Despite severe financial hardships, he began publishing Lithuanian newspapers Unija and Lietuvià ¡kasis balsas. Soon, Pennsylvania Lithuanians began publishing Vienybàlietuvninkà ³ in response to à  lià «pas' anti-Catholic and anti-Polish rhetoric. à  lià «pas established the Lithuanian Scientific Society which was active until 1896. To secure means of making a decent living, à  lià «pas studied medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and started a successful private medical practice in 1891.
à  lià «pas anti-religious and pro-socialist views grew stronger and louder. He published socialist weekly magazine Nauja gadynà(1894âÂÂ1896), freethrought monthly magazine Laisvoji mintis (1910âÂÂ1914), various mainly translated texts promoting freethought and publicizing the conflict thesis between Christianity and science, and texts on the history of Lithuania (including three-volume history of Lithuania in 1904âÂÂ1909). He organized Lithuanian miners in response to the Lattimer massacre in September 1897 and during the Coal strike of 1902 and unsuccessfully ran in the elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1896 and 1900. He was a popular public speaker and by 1907 had given over 1,000 lectures on political, social, religious and scientific subjects. At the outbreak of World War I, à  lià «pas organized the Lithuanian National League of America as the third or middle road between the radical socialists and the conservative Catholics. He organized fundraising drives to help Lithuanian war refugees, visited Russia in 1916âÂÂ1918, and publicized the Lithuanian demands for independence in English-language essays and memorandums (one of them was added to the Congressional Record). In 1919, à  lià «pas briefly represented Lithuania in London, at the Paris Peace Conference, and in Latvia.
While à  lià «pas was respected for his past contributions to Lithuanian causes, he was not invited to the Lithuanian government or held a more prominent public position. à  lià «pas returned to Lithuania in 1920 with substantial savings that he invested in the Trade and Industry Bank and other business ventures, many established by his son-in-law Martynas YÃÂas. Most of these investments were lost when the bank failed in 1927. He served as a mayor of Palanga (1933âÂÂ1935, 1938âÂÂ1939, 1941), a developing seaside resort, and had to coordinate the response to the great fire in May 1938 that left some 1,500 people homeless. He continued to promote freethinking â chaired Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture, edited reestablished Laisvoji mintis (1933âÂÂ1940), lobbied for non-religious cemeteries, schools, marriage and birth registrations, published numerous anti-religious texts. He continued to be active in public life until his death. As many other Lithuanians, he fled from the advancing Red Army in October 1944 and died suddenly in Germany.
à  lià «pas was born in a well-off family in near Gruzdà ¾iai on . According to à  lià «pas' memoirs, his family told stories about their wealthy ancestors who traced back to the time of Grand Duke Vytautas (died in 1430). His uncle Aloyzas attended Kraà ¾iai College and later became a priest. His father owned 36 dessiatins of land and decided to educated all three sons. In summer 1868, his uncle Aloyzas took à  lià «pas to live with him in near Betygala and later in Pernau. There, à  lià «pas studied Russian and Polish languages and witnessed moral degradation of the clergy, even his uncle who lived with his housekeeper in sin and somehow managed to obtain large sums of money. He was beaten for various infractions and after a year and a half begged his parents to take him home. He was taken in by an uncle on his mother's side who educated him to pass the entrance examinations to a gymnasium. In 1871, he failed the Russian language exam at the à  iauliai Gymnasium. A year later, he passed the exams at the but was not admitted due to lack of vacancies. While visiting Kaunas, à  lià «pas received confirmation from bishop Motiejus ValanÃÂius.
Finally, à  lià «pas was admitted to a preparatory class of the Mitau Gymnasium (present-day Latvia). He exhibited academic aptitude and, after finishing the preparatory class and taking exams, he was admitted to the 2nd class of the gymnasium in 1873 therefore skipping the 1st class. He continued to excel at his studies and received tuition waivers. He received financial support from his uncle and earned additional money by tutoring. For example, he spent the summer 1879 teaching noble children in a manor in PandÃÂlys. Though the gymnasium had only a few Lithuanian students and no Lithuanian societies, à  lià «pas began developing his interest in the Lithuanian language, history, and culture. He read historical works by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, began writing Lithuanian texts (translations of texts by E. T. A. Hoffmann and Thomas Mayne Reid), subscribed to Lithuanian newspaper Keleivis published in Königsberg, became a member of the Lithuanian Literary Society and contributed Lithuanian folktales to its publications. He also read Polish translations of History of the Intellectual Development of Europe and History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science by John William Draper which à  lià «pas credited in his memoirs for laying the foundations for his lifelong dedication to freethought. He graduated the gymnasium with top grades in 1880 and continued studies at the Imperial Moscow University.
In Moscow, à  lià «pas initially studied philology, but after one semester transferred to law. His good grades earned him tuition waivers. He met a small group of Lithuanian students who soon organized a Lithuanian society which published hectographed irregular Lithuanian newspaper Auà ¡ra (Dawn). In his memoirs, linguist Jonas Jablonskis claimed that this group inspired him to begin working for the Lithuanian causes. He also became interested in socialism, establishing contacts with and Count Vladimir Zubov. Together with JanaviÃÂius, à  lià «pas spent summer 1881 visiting various locations across Lithuania collecting funds to support members of revolutionary groups Narodnaya Volya and Black Repartition suffering from political repressions. In Moscow, he visited the Rumyantsev Museum, attended meetings of the Russian Geographical Society, listened to debates between professors Dmitry Ilovaysky and on the origins of Slavs. He corresponded with linguists Filipp Fortunatov and Vatroslav Jagiàwriting to them not in Russian, but in Lithuanian. In summer 1882, à  lià «pas visited East Prussia to investigate the possibility of publishing a Lithuanian-language periodical â the printing of Lithuanian texts in the Latin alphabet was banned in the Russian Empire since 1864. He stopped in Kaunas and stayed with priest Antanas Baranauskas while he copied a manuscript by Simonas Daukantas on the history of Lithuania which was kept at the library of the Kaunas Priest Seminary. In Prussia, he met with members of the Lithuanian Literary Society in Tilsit (now Sovetsk), Lithuanian publisher Martynas Jankus in Ragnit (now Neman), and editor of LietuwiÃÂka Ceitunga in Memel (now KlaipÃÂda). Back in Lithuania, à  lià «pas stopped in à ½agaràto visit priest Ignotas Vaià ¡vila to collect biographical information about Daukantas who lived with Vaià ¡vila in his last years.
In fall 1882, à  lià «pas transferred to Saint Petersburg Imperial University to study natural science. At the same time, hoping that the new Tsar Alexander III of Russia would lift the Lithuanian press ban, he prepared a Lithuanian calendar and submitted it to Russian censors. He also sent a petition, dated 7 November 1882, to the Ministry of Internal Affairs asking to lift the ban. Both requests were denied. He also worked to publish hectographed socialist manifestos and proclamations. His studies were cut short when he was implicated in a student riot, arrested, and imprisoned in the Kresty Prison for three months. He became ill and the police allowed him to return to his native Rakandà ¾iai. There he wrote a biography of Simonas Daukantas (published in Auà ¡ra) and a socialist work on social inequality (attempted to publish in Geneva, but unfinished due to lack of funds; a copy was later kept by Vincas Kapsukas). In spring 1883, he was invited by count Nikolay Zubov to teach at his manor in . He applied to different Russian universities in Kiev, Kazan, Kharkiv, Tartu, but was not admitted due to his prior arrest. Faced with conscription to the Imperial Russian Army, à  lià «pas decided to flee abroad.
In fall 1883, à  lià «pas decided to leave to Geneva, Switzerland, which was a refuge for many Russian and Polish socialists. He had promises of financial support from JanaviÃÂius and Zubov as well as lofty hopes of establishing a Lithuanian press for socialist publications. He also wanted to finish his studies at the University of Geneva. à  lià «pas established contacts with Polish socialist Bolesà Âaw Limanowski, began publishing his own socialist brochure, and wrote another brochure Ià ¡ganymas vargdienio (The Salvation of a Pauper) in which he was the first to raise the idea of independent (not merely autonomous) Lithuania. The brochure was later published in Unija and as a separate booklet in the United States. à  lià «pas did not receive the promised financial support from Lithuania. Searching for means of living, he rejected an invitation to join Narodnaya Volya and was about to emigrate to Chile to become a farmer, but received an offer from Martynas Jankus to become the editor of Auà ¡ra, the first Lithuanian-language newspaper published in Ragnit (now Neman) in East Prussia. On his way to BitÃÂnai, à  lià «pas met with Jonas BasanaviÃÂius, who previously had editorial control of Auà ¡ra and who at the time lived in Prague. BasanaviÃÂius wanted à  lià «pas to send all texts of Auà ¡ra for his final approval, but that was impractical. BasanaviÃÂius envisioned Auà ¡ra as a historical and literary periodical which would showcase the greatness of Lithuania's history, raise Lithuanian national consciousness, and promote education as means to lift oneself from poverty and oppression â i.e. promote romantic nationalism with careful additions of freethought not to alienate the majority Catholic population. In five months, à  lià «pas edited twelve issues of Auà ¡ra. He introduced some socialist themes to Auà ¡ra â articles promoting economic development with the ultimate goal of social equality, descriptions of poor conditions of peasants and manor workers, etc. This socialist tinge was enough to alienate the Catholic clergy who started treating Auà ¡ra with suspicion if not outright hostility.
When the Polish newspaper Dziennik Poznaà Âski criticized Auà ¡ra for its anti-Polish attitudes and separatism, à  lià «pas engaged in a debate with its editors regarding the cultural and historical relationship between Poland and Lithuania. à  lià «pas rebuked the criticism but expressed hope for PolishâÂÂLithuanian friendship and cooperation. He published the letters in Auà ¡ra attracting attention from the German police which saw elements of Pan-Slavism. Suspicions further increased when à  lià «pas and Jankus toured Lithuanian villages and called for the establishment of the Lithuanian Scientific Society. Its founding meeting in January 1884 was interrupted by the police. Eventually, à  lià «pas was given 30 days (to 15 March 1884) to leave East Prussia. Using Jankus' passport, he returned to Lithuania.
à  lià «pas visited Kaunas where he learned that Pyotr Shchebalsky, editor of the Russian edition of ', raised the issue of the Lithuanian press in Congress Poland which included Lithuanian-inhabited Suvalkija. à  lià «pas wrote a memorandum asking to lift the press ban and discussed it with several other Auà ¡ra collaborators in MarijampolÃÂ. à  lià «pas was the only one who dared to sign it and bring it to Iosif Gurko, the Governor-General of Warsaw. The memorandum listed all the ways that the Russian Empire would benefit from lifting of the ban â lessening of the Polish influence and mistrust of the Russian government among Lithuanian peasants as well as the gained ability to control and censor legal press (the illegal press included many anti-government articles). The memorandum and by extension à  lià «pas were later criticized for its sharp anti-Polish rhetoric. à  lià «pas delivered the memorandum to a deputy of Gurko and, to avoid the police, quickly left to Mitau (Jelgava). There he got engaged to Liudmila MalinauskaitÃÂ, an orphaned daughter of a large landowner who à  lià «pas met as a gymnasium student in Mitau. He felt being followed and spied on and tried to sail from Libau (LiepÃÂja) to Germany, but the police found a missing stamp in his passport. à  lià «pas then fled to Palanga and was smuggled by two fishermen in their boat to East Prussia. He traveled to Hamburg and on 28 May 1884 sailed to New York.
à  lià «pas arrived to New York City on 16 June 1884. He did not speak English and tried assorted jobs for a few months until he established contacts with Lithuanian Americans. He met who owned a small printing shop and was the publisher of the first Lithuanian American newspaper ' in 1879âÂÂ1880. Together they established the Lithuanian-language weekly newspaper Unija (Union). Initially, the idea was to publish the newspaper both in Polish and Lithuanian, but they could not get enough Polish subscribers due to à  lià «pas' focus on the Lithuanian National Revival. The first issue was published on 25 October 1884. It was a small four-page publication that mainly printed à  lià «pas' texts that focused on Lithuania's revival, promoted a union with Latvia, discussed children's education, advanced freethinking and socialist ideas. It also published the first poems by à  lià «pas' fiancé who stayed behind in Mitau. At the end of 1884, the newspaper had just 250 subscribers. à  lià «pas lived together with Tvarauskas in the same room as the printing press â the conditions were very poor and cramped. At the same time, à  lià «pas joined the Mutual Aid Society of Saint Casimir at the Polish St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church and started working on organizing a separate Lithuanian parish to combat Polonization via churches. In April 1885, a Polish committee invited Lithuanians to participate in a parade and fundraising celebrating the Constitution of 3 May 1791. à  lià «pas responded in Unija calling Lithuanians to reject the invitation as it was a Polish, not a Lithuanian celebration. This elicited protests from Polish groups as well as from within the Mutual Aid Society of Saint Casimir and, on 27 April, Tvarauskas fired à  lià «pas leaving him with no money or a place to stay.
à  lià «pas elicited help from other Lithuanian Americans who donated 250 dollars () so that he could purchase a pedal-powered printing press and establish his own weekly newspaper Lietuvià ¡kasis balsas (The Lithuanian Voice). At the same time he established the Friends of Lithuania Society () to publish the newspaper and other Lithuanian publications. The first issue of the newspaper appeared on 2 July 1885. It printed mostly long abstract and theoretical articles that were difficult to understand for the poorly educated Lithuanian immigrants. Additionally, à  lià «pas' Samogitian dialect was difficult to understand for Lithuanians that mainly hailed from the Suvalkija region. à  lià «pas was the only one working on the publication all the while severe financial difficulties often forced him to take random side jobs. Therefore, the newspaper was printed irregularly â out of 26 issues that were supposed to be printed in 1885 only 13 were actually published.
Despite the difficulties, à  lià «pas continued to organize a separate Lithuanian parish and invited priest Antanas Varnagiris from Independence, Wisconsin, who arrived in June 1885. They managed to get a confirmation from the Archbishop of New York that Varnagiris would be separated from Polish priests, but due to disagreements à  lià «pas withdrew from the parish. à  lià «pas wanted to keep parishes independent afraid that American bishops could easily close or transfer Lithuanian churches. Varnagiris preached to Lithuanians in a Polish church until early 1886 when he moved to a PolishâÂÂLithuanian parish in Freeland, Pennsylvania. à  lià «pas also participated in many Lithuanian events, delivering lively speeches and lectures which became more popular than his newspaper. He brought his fiancé Malinauskaitàto New York and they married on 30 September 1885 both in a civil and religious ceremonies (held at the Capuchin Church of St. John the Baptist). They moved to a tenement apartment in Maspeth, Queens and she got a job at a Lithuanian-owned sewing workshop.
In February 1886, two Lithuanian businessmen in Plymouth, Pennsylvania started publishing Vienybàlietuvninkà ³ which advocated Catholic ideas and unity among Polish and Lithuanian immigrants in the historic tradition of the old PolishâÂÂLithuanian Commonwealth in response to anti-clergy and anti-Polish Lietuvià ¡kasis balsas. From the first issues, the two newspapers exchanged increasingly bitter and nasty rhetoric and accusations of destroying Lithuanian unity. à  lià «pas and 11 delegates of other Lithuanian societies established the Alliance of All Lithuanians in America () on 15 August 1886 in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, with a goal to unite all Lithuanians under an umbrella organization. The Catholic camp responded by organizing the Alliance of All Lithuanian Catholic Societies of America () on 22 November 1886 in Plymouth. à  lià «pas' organization disbanded in 1888 due to lack of members while the Catholic alliance, renamed and reorganized several times, continues to this day as the .
In 1887, faced with constant criticism and attacks, à  lià «pas published a Polish-language brochure Litwini i Polacy (Lithuanians and Poles) to explain his ideology on the PolishâÂÂLithuanian question. In this work, he cited the Marxist slogan "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" but did not adopt the concept of class struggle. Loosely interpreting the history of Lithuania, he denounced the exploitation of the Lithuanian people by Polish nobility and Catholic clergy concluding that Lithuania wants to be politically independent. He also translated and published Patkulis, a historical-political drama by the German writer Karl Gutzkow about Johann Patkul, a Livonian nobleman and an instigator of the Great Northern War (1700âÂÂ1721), who was portrayed as a Latvian fighting for his nation's freedom. He further published a history of Lithuania written by Konstancja Skirmuntt and translated by Petras Vileià ¡is.
Competing with Vienybàlietuvninkà ³ for subscribers and advertisers, Lietuvià ¡kasis balsas struggled and appeared irregularly. Hoping to increase the readership, à  lià «pas moved from New York to Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, where many Lithuanian immigrants worked in local coal mines, in early 1888. In Shenandoah, à  lià «pas established weekend education courses for adults and agitated locals to invite priest , former collaborator in Auà ¡ra, to establish the Lithuanian parish of St. Casimir. Burba arrived to Plymouth in August 1889 and became a friend and collaborator with à  lià «pas. à  lià «pas' publicist work could not support a family of four (daughter born in July 1886 and son born in March 1888). Therefore, in early 1889, he decided to study medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore. As a student, à  lià «pas struggled financially, earning some money by selling cigars and getting some aid from Burba, but did not abandon public life.
On 22 December 1889, à  lià «pas established the Lithuanian Scientific Society () in Baltimore and became its chairman. The primary goal of the society was to publish Lithuanian texts and otherwise promote education among Lithuanians. Its first publication was à  lià «pas' work on Lithuanian-language texts from the 16th century to present published in 1890 in Tilsit, East Prussia. It contained mostly patriotic and nationalistic excerpts from older texts with essays by à  lià «pas on the current situation of and future hopes for the Lithuanian National Revival, and thus were more a like a chrestomathy than a proper history of Lithuanian literature. In 1891, together with Burba, à  lià «pas published Bestiality of the Russian Czardom toward Lithuania, the second English-language publication by the Lithuanian immigrant community. à  lià «pas also delivered speeches and lectures on various topics from Darwinism and religion to socialism. In winter 1889âÂÂ1890, he delivered about 30 such speeches. One of the lectures on Lithuania's past, present, and future was developed and published as a separate brochure in 1897. In March 1892, the Scientific Society began publishing monthly magazine Apà ¡vieta (Enlightenment). It was the first Lithuanian magazine devoted solely to culture and education. In total, 15 issues were published in Tilsit, East Prussia. Edited by à  lià «pas, the magazine could not avoid his anti-religious and pro-socialist views.
à  lià «pas became a naturalized citizen of the United States on 3 June 1890. He graduated with a medical degree in March 1891. He further graduated from the New York Post-Graduate Medical School in April 1901. He opened a private medical practice in Wilkes-Barre but quickly returned to Baltimore and moved to Shenandoah in spring 1892. In 1892, , a former participant in the Uprising of 1863, moved in with à  lià «pas. Around the same time, Dembskis quit priesthood and became a close collaborator with à  lià «pas. Dembskis lived with à  lià «pas until his death in 1913. On Easter in 1891, brokered by Burba, à  lià «pas publicly made peace with Juozas Paukà ¡tys and , the publisher and editor of Vienybàlietuvninkà ³ respectively â the three men went for a confession and communion in Pittston, Pennsylvania. à  lià «pas even contributed articles to Vienybàlietuvninkà ³ and attended a congress of the Alliance of All Lithuanian Catholic Societies of America, chaired by Burba, in November 1891, while Burba established a local chapter of the Lithuanian Scientific Society in Plymouth in February 1891. However, the collaboration with Burba broke down in 1892. à  là «pas felt so insulted by Trumpa perà ¾valga lietuvystÃÂs darbà ³ Amerikoje (A Short Review of Lithuanian Activities in America), a booklet that Burba published in 1892, that he sued Burba in court.
Perhaps due to the falling out with Burba, à  lià «pas anti-religious and pro-socialist views grew stronger and louder. In 1893, he anonymously published an 18-page brochure translated from German Die Gottespest by the anarchist Johann Most which vulgarly attacked the Church. On 28 January 1894, in response to the Kraà ¾iai massacre in Lithuania, à  lià «pas and Dembskis organized a protest in Shenandoah during which they publicly denounced not only the Russian Tsar but also the pope. This caused an uproar among other Lithuanian organizations. Protesting against pope's silence on the massacre, à  lià «pas officially left the Catholic Church and joined the Presbyterian Church. The religious tensions only grew when Matas Andriukaitis, a Lithuanian, accidentally shot himself with à  lià «pas' gun on Maundy Thursday (22 March 1894). The funeral procession was followed by insulting and mocking booing and shouting. à  lià «pas then submitted a formal complaint to the city's officials against six most active protesters. The complaint was rejected and the six people sued à  lià «pas for defamation in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. The trial continued for 24 days and involved numerous witnesses, including 13 priests. When testifying, à  lià «pas refused to swear on the Bible. Eventually, à  lià «pas was found not guilty but the tensions forced him to relocate to Scranton, Pennsylvania. There, he settled in a Jewish neighborhood and primarily served workers of the Dickson Manufacturing Company.
In January 1894, he began publishing the socialist weekly magazine Nauja gadynà(The New Era). It was first published in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, before being moved to Shenandoah in fall 1894 and to Scranton in August 1895 where it was published in à  lià «pas' basement. It had only one official editor (à  lià «pas' co-brother-in-law) and was published by the Lithuanian Scientific Society. Nauja gadynàmarked a transition for à  lià «pas' works from predominantly focused on Lithuanian nationalism with some socialist topics and ideas to predominantly focused on socialism and proletarian internationalism. He wrote about the bright future promised by socialism, strikes and disturbances caused by socialists and anarchists around the world, biographies of prominent socialist leaders, etc. He did not fully embrace the internationalism, retaining the concept of nations. The last issue appeared on 2 June 1896.
In 1895, à  lià «pas published Tikyba ir mokslas (Science and Religion) â a collection of 15 mostly translated articles that he was working on since around 1885 â that argued that Christianity and science were fundamentally incompatible. The book included a scientific biography of Jesus as well as articles describing the vulgar and dark Middle Ages, praising the ideas of equality (Liberté, égalité, fraternité) of the French Revolution, and expressing optimism that scientific advances would usher an era of universal prosperity. In 1902, à  lià «pas published SpÃÂka ir medega, a translation of Force and Matter by Ludwig Büchner â a scientific materialism work that à  lià «pas was interested in since his studies in Moscow in 1881 and that he already discussed in a series of articles published in Apà ¡vieta in 1892. This translation presented a particular challenge as the Lithuanian language lacked words to describe the abstract forces and ideas. à  lià «pas spent a considerable effort to come up with Lithuanian neologisms instead of borrowing words from other languages.
à  lià «pas established contacts with the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (established in 1896) and discussed the possibility of representing Lithuania at the International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress in London. In response to the Lattimer massacre, when police shot and killed several protesting mine workers including five Lithuanians in September 1897, à  lià «pas organized a protest meeting in Scranton. His suggestion for a socialist group was met with enthusiasm and about 70 people signed up. Though the membership quickly declined to about 30 people, it was the first Lithuanian socialist group. Other groups were soon organized in other Lithuanian communities and the idea of a unifying Lithuanian socialist organization was raised in 1899. à  lià «pas organized local socialist groups, delivered speeches and lectures, discussed the need for a centralized organization, and even planned to attend the International Socialist Congress in 1904. He was a leader of Lithuanian miners during the Coal strike of 1902. à  lià «pas unsuccessfully ran in the Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district twice for the United States House of Representatives, as a candidate of the Populist Party in 1896 and as a candidate of the Socialist Labor Party in 1900. It seems that around the same time he attempted to expand outside the Lithuanian circles: he became an associate of Franciszek Hodur, founder of the Polish National Catholic Church, and published articles in Polish press calling for a unity among all nations oppressed by the Russians.
But he did not entirely abandon Lithuanian nationalist causes. In 1897, he translated and published a work by Edmund Veckenstedt on Samogitian myths. He published a 278-page work on the origins of Lithuanians (he followed the discredited theories of Jonas BasanaviÃÂius that Lithuanians hailed from the Balkans or Anatolia) in 1899 and the first two volumes of his three-volume history of Lithuania in 1904âÂÂ1905. He organized the Martyrs' Committee, which raised funds for the support of Lithuanians imprisoned or exiled to Siberia due to their political or cultural work, in 1900 and became treasurer of the Union of Lithuanian Freethinkers in America () in 1901.
The was established only in May 1905 after the start of the revolution in Russia. à  lià «pas was elected its treasurer but withdrew within five months due to disagreements on how to distribute funds raised for the support of the revolution and Lithuanians. He wanted to send funds to Draugas (established by Vincas MickeviÃÂius-Kapsukas), Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, Lithuanian Democratic Party, and individuals persecuted by the Tsarist regime. Others argued that the funds should be sent just to the Social Democratic Party. à  lià «pas withdrew from the party and more active socialist work, though he continued to support socialist ideas.
In 1905, à  lià «pas became treasurer of the Auà ¡ra Society, established in Chicago in 1901. He continued to be its treasurer until it dissolved in 1912. During that time, the society provided financial aid of $4,273.80 () to Lithuanian students (20 men and 7 women) studying at various universities. Lithuanians wanted to organize a protest march in support of the Russian Revolution, but à  lià «pas proposed a multipartisan congress (perhaps inspired by the Great Seimas of Vilnius). 169 Lithuanian activists, including 50 socialists, gathered in Philadelphia in February 1906. à  lià «pas wrote a long resolution which was accepted by the delegates but protested by the socialists. It called the Russian Empire to adopt a constitution that would guarantee some of the fundamental rights, grant political autonomy to Lithuania which would be united with Latvia, implement a land reform that would distribute land of manors and monasteries to landless peasants, grant amnesty to political prisoners. At the end of 1906, à  lià «pas delivered several speeches in Lithuanian immigrant communities and published the speech in a separate brochure in which he returned to Lithuanian national issues â union with Poland and abuses of the Catholic clergy. However, à  lià «pas did not join the â it appears he first participated in its 25th anniversary congress in 1910 when he delivered a speech reviewing Lithuanian activities in the United States over the last 25 years. à  lià «pas also returned to the criticism of the Catholic Church with the publication of Tikri ir netikri à ¡ventieji (True and Fake Saints) in 1907. The work critically examined the lives of Catholic martyrs Stanislaus of Szczepanów and Hermenegild and contrasted them with four biographies of "martyrs of science" (Hypatia, Michael Servetus, Giordano Bruno, and Kazimierz à Âyszczyà Âski).
In 1909, à  lià «pas published the last third volume of the history of Lithuania that covered the period from the Union of Lublin (1569) to the Third Partition of the PolishâÂÂLithuanian Commonwealth (1795). In January 1910, he began publishing the monthly magazine Laisvoji mintis (Free Thought) with the help of two new Lithuanian immigrants with prior experience in publishing periodicals in Scranton â Karolis RaÃÂkauskas (pen name Vairas) and Kleopas Jurgelionis (pen name KalÃÂdà ³ KaukÃÂs). The magazine promoted the ideas of freethought and was primarily devoted to science. It published many articles on natural sciences, many of them translated (e.g. A Picture Book of Evolution by Dennis Hird or on popular astronomy by Garrett P. Serviss). à  lià «pas contributed biographical articles (e.g. on Giordano Bruno, Lucilio Vanini, Jan Hus, Francisco Ferrer) and articles on the 19th-century history of Lithuania (written as a continuation to his three-volume history of Lithuania). The magazine was discontinued after 60 issues in May 1915. à  lià «pas resigned as editor in December 1914 citing his age and poor eyesight. Privately, he mentioned to RaÃÂkauskas that he spent more than $5,000 () of his own money on the magazine.
à  lià «pas supported two Lithuanian fundraising drives. In 1911, priests Juozas Tumas-Vaià ¾gantas and Konstantinas Olà ¡auskas collected donations for the headquarters of the SaulàSociety in Kaunas. Tumas-Vaià ¾gantas famously said to à  lià «pas, "Jonas, I love you, but I burn your writings." In 1913, Jonas BasanaviÃÂius and Martynas YÃÂas collected funds for the construction of the headquarters of the Lithuanian Scientific Society in Vilnius. YÃÂas later married à  lià «pas' youngest daughter Hypatija.
The outbreak of World War I galvanized Lithuanian Americans to organize support for the war refugees and start thinking about the future of Lithuania after the war. à  lià «pas tried to organize a multipartisan congress (similar to the 1906 congress in Philadelphia), but Catholic activists organized their own congress in Chicago in September 1914. à  lià «pas then organized a congress of nationalists and socialists in New York in October. The socialists were better organized and wanted to take full control of the congress and the nationalists withdrew in protest. They gathered separately in Brooklyn and decided to establish their own organization, the Lithuanian National League of America (), as well as two foundations (chaired by à  lià «pas) to provide financial aid to war refugees in Lithuania. Thus, the third "middle" group of Lithuanian activists emerged. à  lià «pas began agitating for Lithuania, visiting Lithuanian communities in New England and publishing Lithuania in Retrospect and Prospect, a short English-language overview of the history of Lithuania. The two foundations raised approximately $97,000 ().
In June 1915, Stasys à  imkus arrived to United States to collect donation for the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers. He tried to work with all three (Catholic, socialist, and nationalist) factions, but ended up touring Lithuanian communities with the help of the Lithuanian National League of America and à  lià «pas. Up to February 1916, he collected $9,361.51 (). Antanas Milukas and other Lithuanians petitioned President Woodrow Wilson to proclaim the Lithuanian Day when all across United States donations would be collected for the benefit of Lithuanian war refugees. On 1 November 1916, Lithuanians collected $176,863 (). The funds were collected and distributed by a 12-member committee, six Catholics and six (including à  lià «pas) nationalists.
The foundation of the Lithuanian National League of America delegated à  lià «pas to visit Russia. He departed from San Francisco to Honolulu on 26 April 1916 (crossing the Atlantic Ocean was unsafe due to the U-boat Campaign). He was accompanied by his eldest daughter Aldona who volunteered for the Red Cross. à  lià «pas visited Lithuanian refugees and evacuees in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kiev, and elsewhere to find out what support Lithuanian Americans could provide. At the same time, he tried to gather support for a LithuaniaâÂÂLatvia union. He stopped in Voronezh for a longer time, visiting his son-in-law Martynas YÃÂas. à  lià «pas could not visit the German-occupied Lithuania and instead traveled to Stockholm to attend the Lithuanian conference in October 1917 which approved the resolutions adopted by Vilnius Conference and recognized the Council of Lithuania as the main political representative of the Lithuanian nation. à  lià «pas was the only representative of Lithuanian Americans in attendance.
à  lià «pas remained in Stockholm until May 1918. During that time he published two political booklets, Lithuanian Lietuvià ³-latvià ³ respublika ir à  iaurÃÂs Tautà ³ Sàjunga (LithuanianâÂÂLatvian Republic and the Union of Nordic Nations) and English Essay on the Past, Present, and Future of Lithuania. He sent memorandums to President Woodrow Wilson about the need to support independence movements of the various nations in the Russian Empire and to British officials urging to recognize Lithuania's independence. à  lià «pas also attended the third Lithuanian conference in Stockholm in January 1918. The conference adopted a seven-point demand list to Russia and Germany to recognize independent Lithuania, repay war damages, withdraw their armies, include Lithuanian representatives in any peace negotiations â the full text of the resolution was reprinted in Essay on the Past, Present, and Future of Lithuania.
à  lià «pas returned to United States in May 1918 and became vice-chairman of the Lithuanian Executive Committee organized by a joint Catholic and nationalist conference in New York in March 1918 and chaired by . The primary goal of the Executive Committee was to inform the American public about Lithuania and to lobby American politicians to support Lithuania's independence. à  lià «pas also joined the Mid-European Union established by the Czechoslovak politician TomÃ¡à ¡ Garrigue Masaryk. There, he clashed with Roman Dmowski and Ignacy Jan Paderewski (future Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Poland) over theirs plans for a PolishâÂÂLithuanian state. When Henry Cabot Lodge, the new Senate Majority Leader, delivered a speech in which he urged to preserve the territorial integrity of Russia, à  lià «pas wrote a memorandum demanding independence for Lithuania and managed to get it published in the Congressional Record on 29 August 1918. à  lià «pas also contacted Robert Lansing, the Secretary of State, Frank A. Golder, a member of The Inquiry preparing for a post-war peace conference, Theodore Roosevelt, the former president.
According to à  lià «pas memoirs, professor James Young Simpson invited him to the United Kingdom on behalf of the Foreign Office. He arrived to London on 4 February 1919. He delivered speeches on Lithuania's independence to the Union of Democratic Control as well as Lithuanian immigrant communities in London, Glasgow, Burnbank, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Manchester. He also held talks with Latvian activists promoting his ideas of a LithuanianâÂÂLatvia union. When Lithuania sent its official representative in mid-April 1919, à  lià «pas departed to the Paris Peace Conference on 22 May. Together with his son-in-law YÃÂas, à  lià «pas worked to purchase $5 million () worth of various military goods from the U.S. Liquidation Commission (instead of transporting various supplies back to United States, the U.S. Army sold surplus goods to other governments and businesses). à  lià «pas personally supervised the purchase of medical supplies worth about $500,000 in Saint-Nazaire and accompanied their delivery to Lithuania. It was the first time that à  lià «pas returned to Lithuania since 1883. But he did not stay there for long as he was sent as the first Lithuanian diplomatic representative to Latvia in August 1919. With military attaché , he also represented Lithuania to Estonia. There is little information available on his activities in Latvia. At the time, Latvia was fighting the West Russian Volunteer Army but Lithuania refused to provide aid and Lithuania avoided establishing diplomatic contacts with the Soviet Russia due to its international isolation â positions that à  lià «pas appears to have disagreed with. He also did not get along with Zigfrëds Anna Meierovics, Latvian Foreign Minister. He resigned in December 1919 and returned to Lithuania.
à  lià «pas returned to Lithuania with a capital of $38,000 () that he invested in various Lithuanian enterprises, many of them established or chaired by his son-in-law Martynas YÃÂas. In February 1919, the first Lithuanian Shipping Company (), later known as the Lithuanian Steamship Corporation (), was organized to provide passenger and cargo transportation via the Neman and other rivers in Lithuania. à  lià «pas returned to United States to organize his affairs for the permanent move to Lithuania and at the same time sold about $50,000 worth of shares of the company to Lithuanian Americans. He also invested in the Trade and Industry Bank, oil pressing company Ringuva, brewery Gubernija, metalworking factory Nemunas, Montvila spirits factory, and others. He founded à ½uvis ir gintaras (Fish and Amber) company in Palanga and invested 25,000 litas.
In 1922âÂÂ1923, à  lià «pas split his time between Birà ¾ai and à  iauliai where he headed local branches of the Trade and Industry Bank. As a banker, he organized completion of the narrow-gauge railway that connected Birà ¾ai to à  iauliai. In Birà ¾ai, he renewed and renovated the printing press that was established by YÃÂas and Povilas JakubÃÂnas in 1911âÂÂ1912 and established a successful trading company Agaras. He also tried to organize a spa around mineral water springs in near Birà ¾ai. In 1923, he invested 70,000 litas and established Titnagas printing press in à  iauliai. à  lià «pas invited German specialists and the press was known for its quality. Among other things, Titnagas printed 17 books by à  lià «pas and about 150 books by book publishing company Kultà «ra that à  lià «pas supported financially. Many of his investments were lost when the Trade and Industry Bank failed in 1927. à  lià «pas had guaranteed many loans of the bank, YÃÂas, and other companies. He was sued by the Bank of Lithuania for a guarantee of 25,000 litas loan taken by the Trade and Industry Bank. The Lithuanian Tribunal ordered à  lià «pas to pay the loan, 6% annual interest, and court costs in 1933. Unable to pay, he appealed to President Antanas Smetona. Eventually, Bank of Lithuania seized Titnagas to cover the debts.
In 1922âÂÂ1923, à  lià «pas taught hygiene and world literature at the and Lithuanian and English literature at the à  iauliai Gymnasium. As an educator, he organized public lectures and attended local meetings of the Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church. In early 1924, à  lià «pas had a stomach operation in Königsberg. Upon his return, chaplain of the à  iauliai Gymnasium complained that à  lià «pas' lessons included anti-religious themes to the Minister of Education Leonas Bistras. à  lià «pas was asked to refrain from anti-religious comments, but he resigned and moved to Kaunas. In February 1923, he received honorary doctorates in medicine and history from the University of Lithuania; he received the third honorary doctorate in law in 1939. From fall 1924, à  lià «pas became a privatdozent and taught history of medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lithuania. It was an elective class and not every semester there were enough students to hold it. He resigned after four years and received a government pension. He published his lessons on hygiene and history of medicine as separate books in 1928 and 1934.
The failure of the Trade and Industry Bank brought financial difficulties, while the death of his wife (4 April 1928) brought a personal loss. He married Grasilda GrauslytÃÂ, a sister of his maid and 38 years his junior, in September 1929. His three children strongly disapproved the marriage and the couple moved to his new wife's hometown Palanga where their son Vytautas was born in 1930. Palanga was transforming from a fishermen village to a popular seaside resort and à  lià «pas worked to obtain city rights. In January 1933, he became the first mayor of Palanga. In summer 1933, he hosted the official visit of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the scout movement. He worked on lowering electricity prices, ensuring street cleanliness, improving transportation (e.g. asking city residents not to use sidewalks to ride bikes or herd cattle), etc. In November 1934, he was replaced by Pranas Kraujelis who was removed in December 1936 for mishandling 30,098 litas of city's funds. From that time until à  lià «pas returned as mayor in March 1938, Palanga had only an acting mayor. On 10 May 1938, Palanga suffered a major fire â about 120 residential buildings burned down leaving 1,500 people homeless. à  lià «pas had to organize aid, construct shelters, and rebuilt the city with larger more modern buildings. About half of the people affected by the fire were Jews who organized a separate relief effort clashing with Lithuanians over the funds. The experience prompted à  lià «pas to study Talmud and write an anti-Semitic work. à  lià «pas resigned as mayor on 1 July 1939 due to old age and the fact that he, as a recipient of a state pension, could not receive any government wages.
à  lià «pas established the first chapters of the Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture (), a society to promote freethought in Lithuania, in Birà ¾ai and à  iauliai in 1922 and 1924. à  lià «pas became editor of the reestablished Laisvoji mintis (Free Thought) in November 1933 and continued to edit it up until the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940. The magazine focused on humanities, particularly history, and balanced academic articles with agitation. à  lià «pas also promoted freethought policies in daily life. He campaigned for non-religious cemeteries, civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths, non-religious schools. When the new communist regime established civil birth registration in 1940, à  lià «pas' son Vytautas was the first to be registered in Palanga.
à  lià «pas was an outspoken critic of the authoritarian regime of President Antanas Smetona. Already in February 1927, he published an article in Lietuvos à ¾inios in which he called Smetona a hot-head and power-hungry. On 23 November 1935, during a military celebration at the Vytautas the Great War Museum which was broadcast live over the radio, à  lià «pas delivered a critical speech with the president and other politicians of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in attendance. In April 1939, he wrote a letter to the government of Prime Minister Jonas ÃÂernius, which he managed to get published only in Naujoji gadynàin United States in September. The letter urged democratic reforms and called Smetona's regime "stifling oligarchy after a fascist example." Nevertheless, his 75th birthday in March 1936 was marked with an official ceremony at the Kaunas State Theatre â many officials, including rector of the Vytautas Magnus University, Minister of Education, Minister of Defense, gave speeches celebrating à  lià «pas' life and accomplishments. à  lià «pas was also awarded the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (2nd class in 1928, 1st class in 1936). He also received the Latvian Order of the Three Stars (2nd class) in 1932.
à  lià «pas continued to write and publish various works. In 1928, Lietuvos aidas published his long essay, which he called his political testament, on the perfect state and government that would eliminate social inequality. In 1929, he wrote and published a historical work on the Reformation in Lithuania and the Radziwià Âà  family. In 1930, he republished his Tikri ir netikri à ¡ventieji. In the foreword, he explained that the second edition was prompted by the scandal of Konstantinas Olà ¡auskas, a Catholic priest who was accused of murdering his suspected lover, and attacked the Catholic Church. A priest sued à  lià «pas for slander and he received a one-month suspended prison sentence. à  lià «pas appealed to the Lithuanian Tribunal, but the sentence was upheld. In 1932, he wrote a work on the Baltic mythology in which he still relied on already outdated and discredited theories and authors, such as the Thracian origin theory of Jonas BasanaviÃÂius or the dubious mythology of Theodor Narbutt. A year later he published a review of the Catholic Church activities in independent Lithuania since 1919. He also published translated works of freethinkers, including A History of Freedom of Thought by J. B. Bury (in 1923), Comparative Religion by Joseph Estlin Carpenter (1926), two works by Joseph McCabe that argued against the notion that the Church preserved and built the Western civilization (both in 1937), a work by Robert G. Ingersoll (1937), The Evolution of the Idea of God by Grant Allen (1938).
Together with his wife and son, he sailed from Gothenburg to New York aboard SS Drottningholm on 2 May 1936. In United States, à  lià «pas delivered speeches and lectures in twenty different communities of Lithuanian Americans, including Pittsburgh, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Chicago. He also attended the 25th anniversary celebration of the Lithuanian National Cemetery near Chicago and the 50th anniversary congress of the in Cleveland. à  lià «pas promoted the activities of the Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture and asked Lithuanian Americans for financial support. He returned to Lithuania on 22 July. à  lià «pas traveled to United States again in 1939 to attend the New York World's Fair â his daughter Aldona helped organizing the Lithuanian exhibition. He arrived to New York aboard MS Gripsholm three days before the outbreak of World War II. à  lià «pas hurried back to Lithuania.
After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, à  lià «pas was invited (most likely via MeÃÂislovas Gedvilas who was a member of the Society of Ethical Culture) to the People's Government of Lithuania, but refused. Former Prime Minister Antanas Merkys stopped by à  lià «pas home in Palanga when he tried to flee abroad. Unlike many Lithuanian periodicals, Laisvoji mintis was not abolished by the new communist regime but à  lià «pas was replaced as editor by Kostas Korsakas. à  lià «pas' investments and other property was nationalized, but the new government made a special exception allowing him keep his house in Palanga. During the June deportation, à  lià «pas sister-in-law was deported to Siberia and he received a warning that his own family was on a deportee list.
In June 1941, at the start of the German occupation of Lithuania, several prominent residents of Palanga met at the city hall and decided to elect new city council, headed by à  lià «pas, in hopes of reigning in the chaotic situation. However, according to à  lià «pas' memoirs, he was falsely identified as a Jew sympathizer and briefly arrested by the Germans. à  lià «pas had expressed anti-Semitic attitudes in his earlier works (for example, complaining about Jewish near-monopoly on trade in Lithuania), but became radicalized during the war and blamed Jewish Bolshevism on the communist atrocities in 1940âÂÂ1941. During the occupation, à  lià «pas struggled financially (he lived on a monthly pension of 40 Reichsmarks which was increased to 200 in 1942) and had difficulties obtaining basic food items. He communicated with Petras Kubilià «nas, the General Counsel of the Generalbezirk Litauen, and even floated an idea of a special commission to visit Adolf Hitler to present a proposal for Lithuania's independence. He also continued to write and translate, though most of his works remained unpublished, including a translation of Atoms in Action by George R. Harrison. Some of his war-time writings show influence of Nazi ideology. For example, in an article published in 1943, à  lià «pas advocated for a government program to euthanize incurably ill patients.
In October 1944, à  lià «pas decided to flee Lithuania ahead of the advancing Red Army. Together with his wife and son, he reached Vienna aboard a German train. He was invited by the Lithuanian Aid () at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories to Berlin to record a speech that would be broadcast to Lithuanian Americans. Other Lithuanians recruited for a similar effort included Mykolas Birà ¾ià ¡ka and Kazys Musteikis. à  lià «pas wrote his speech but before he could record it, he died in a Berlin hotel at about 9 a.m. on 6 November 1944. Lithuanians in Berlin organized a special committee, chaired by Vaclovas Sidzikauskas, to organize his funeral. Despite difficult wartime conditions, it was an official affair with opera singers and speeches by Lithuanian officials. He was cremated in Wilmersdorf and his ashes were buried at the Lithuanian National Cemetery in Justice, Illinois in 1948. A monument in the cemetery was built in 1950. In 1989, his former home in Palanga was turned into a memorial museum. In 2009âÂÂ2012, à  lià «pas' son Vytautas transferred family's vast library and archives (books, periodicals, manuscripts, letters, photos, personal items, etc.) to the library of à  iauliai University.
à  lià «pas was a prolific author. During his life, he published more than 70 books and brochures as well as contributed numerous articles to Lithuanian, American, Polish, German, Swedish, and French periodicals, including Ateitis, Garsas, Iliustruotoji Lietuva, Kultà «ra, Lietuva, LietuwiÃÂka Ceitunga, Lietuvos à ¾inios, Naujienos, Dziennik Poznaà Âski, Frankfurter Zeitung, Svensk Tidskrift. Much of his writing is translated and adapted from other works. Even by his own admission, he prioritized quantity over quality and on occasion plagiarized other authors without giving proper credit. He prioritized promotion of ideas (didactic and propaganda goals) over original research. Even in his obituary, Mykolas Birà ¾ià ¡ka wrote that à  lià «pas will be remembered not for his writings which were often of low value, but for his tireless work and dedication to the Lithuanian causes.
Researcher Charles Perrin described à  lià «pas as a chameleon who held fluid and sometimes outright contradictory views at the same time. At different times, he had different religions (Catholicism and atheism), belonged to different nationalities (Polish, Lithuanian, American), held different political views (Lithuanian nationalist, socialist, anti-fascist sympathetic to communism, an anti-communist sympathetic to Nazism). With his changing views, he published works on numerous topics â from politics and history to atheism and child education. His three-volume history of Lithuania was the longest Lithuanian-language history of Lithuania until the four-volume history was published in 1957âÂÂ1975. à  lià «pas was a compiler of other historical studies and he did not engage in historical research. He was not interested in academic and critical evaluation of historical facts. Rather, he saw history as a didactic tool to teach and inspire Lithuanians and, as many romantic historians, he idealized and glorified the past. One of the more original ideas was a union between Lithuania and Latvia that à  lià «pas kept returning to throughout his life though it never gained traction.
à  lià «pas wrote four autobiographies. The first was written in 1903 for the 20th anniversary of Auà ¡ra. After a stomach operation in 1924, he wrote his second autobiography which he published as a separate booklet in 1927. The third autobiography was written in 1931 and published in a collection of articles and documents on à  lià «pas edited by Juozas V. Girdvainis in 1934. The last autobiography was written in 1941 and first published by Juozas Jakà ¡tas in 1979.
à  lià «pas edited the following newspapers and magazines:
Michaà  Pius Römer called à  lià «pas a better agitator than an organizer. He was a founder, chairman, or board member of various societies, including: