Japanese pitch accent is a feature of the Japanese language that distinguishes words by a distinct tone that focused on a specific mora ('accent') in most Japanese dialects. The nature and location of the accented syllable for a given word may vary between dialects. For instance, the word for "river" is in the Tokyo dialect, with the accent on the second mora, but in the Kansai dialect it is . A final or is often devoiced to or after a pitch drop and an unvoiced consonant.
The Japanese term is , and it refers to the system used in languages such as Japanese and Swedish. These languages are called pitch-accent languages.
This contrasts with , which refers to stress. An alternative term is which contrasts with .
Standard Japanese
Normative pitch accent, essentially the pitch accent of the Yamanote dialect of Tokyo, is considered essential in jobs such as broadcasting. The current standards for pitch accent are presented in special accent dictionaries for native speakers, such as the and the . News presenters and other speech professionals are required to follow these standards.
Foreign learners of Japanese are often not taught to pronounce the pitch accent, though it is included in some noted texts, such as '. Incorrect pitch accent is a characteristic of a "foreign accent" in Japanese.
Scalar pitch
In standard Japanese, pitch accent has the following effect on words spoken in isolation:
- The following accent types are collectively known as :
- If the accent is on the first mora, then the pitch starts high, drops suddenly on the second mora, then levels out. The pitch may fall across both morae, or mostly on one or the other (depending on the sequence of sounds)âÂÂthat is, the first mora may end with a high falling pitch, or the second may begin with a (low) falling pitch, but the first mora will be considered accented regardless. The Japanese describe this as .
- If the accent is on a mora other than the first or the last, then the pitch has an initial rise from a low starting point, reaches a near-maximum at the accented mora, then drops suddenly on any following morae. This accent is referred to as .
- If the word has an accent on the last mora, the pitch rises from a low start up to a high pitch on the last mora. Words with this accent are indistinguishable from accentless words unless followed by a particle such as ga or ni, on which the pitch drops. In Japanese this accent is called .
- If the word does not have an accent, the pitch rises from a low starting point on the first mora or two, and then levels out in the middle of the speaker's range, without ever reaching the high tone of an accented mora. In Japanese, this accent is named ().
Note that accent rules apply to phonological words, which include any following particles. So the sequence "hashi" spoken in isolation can be accented in two ways, either háshi (accent on the first syllable, meaning 'chopsticks') or hashà(flat or accent on the second syllable, meaning either 'edge' or 'bridge'), while "hashi" plus the subject-marker "ga" can be accented on the first syllable or the second, or be flat/accentless: háshiga 'chopsticks', hashÃÂga 'bridge', or hashiga 'edge'.
In poetry, a word such as , which has the accent on the fourth mora ro, is pronounced in five beats (morae). When initial in the phrase (and therefore starting out with a low pitch), the pitch typically rises on the o, levels out at mid range on the moshi, peaks on the ro, and then drops suddenly on the i, producing a falling tone on the roi.
In all cases but the final accent, there is a general declination (gradual decline) of pitch across the phrase. This, and the initial rise, are part of the prosody of the phrase, not lexical accent, and are larger in scope than the phonological word. That is, within the overall pitch-contour of the phrase there may be more than one phonological word, and thus potentially more than one accent.
Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts
An is another name for an accented mora, a mora that carries a high tone and is followed by a mora with a low tone. In other words, the precipitous drop in pitch occurs right at the boundary between the accent nucleus and the mora immediately after it. Unaccented words (of the heiban type) do not have an accent nucleus.
Unlike regular morae or , defective morae or ç¹æ®ÂæÂ (tokushu haku "special beats") cannot generally be accent nuclei. They historically arose through various processes that limited their occurrences and prominence in terms of accent-carrying capability. There are four types of them:
- The : derived from Middle Chinese coda consonants (/n/ and /m/) (e.g.: /kaN/; /wemu/ > /eN/), but also arose naturally through onbin (e.g.: /yomite/ > /yoNde/)
- The : mainly arose through onbin (e.g.: /katite/ > /kaQte/) or through consonant assimilation (e.g.: /setpuku/ > /seQpuku/)
- The : arose through consonant losses (e.g.: /kakasaN/ > /kaRsaN/), vowel shifts or vowel assimilation during Late Middle Japanese (e.g.: /eu/ > /joR/; /joÃ
©/ > /joR/)
- The morphologically bound /i/ (/J/, written in kana as ãÂÂ/ã¤): derived from a Middle Chinese offglide (e.g.: /taJ/; /tuJ/) or arose through onbin (e.g.: /kakisiro/ > /kaJsiro/)
While the accent patterns of single words are often unpredictable, those of compounds are often rule-based. Take the suffix 帠(-shi), for example. When compounding with a place name to form a city name, the accent nucleus of the resulting compound is usually immediately before 帠itself:
- Ã¥ÂÂè (Chiba): HêÂÂL > Ã¥ÂÂèÂÂ帠(Chiba-shi "Chiba City"): L-HêÂÂL /tibaêÂÂsi/
But if the mora before 帠is defective, the accent must shift one mora backward:
- ç½山 (Hakusan): HêÂÂL-L-L > ç½山帠(Hakusan-shi "Hakusan City"): L-H-HêÂÂL-L /hakusaêÂÂNsi/
- 西æÂ¡ (SaijÃ
Â): HêÂÂL-L-L > 西æÂ¡å¸ (SaijÃ
Â-shi "SaijÃ
 City"): L-H-HêÂÂL-L /saJzjoêÂÂRsi/
- ä»Âå° (Sendai): HêÂÂL-L-L > ä»Âå°帠(Sendai-shi "Sendai City"): L-H-HêÂÂL-L /seNdaêÂÂJsi/
A defective mora can be an accent nucleus only if the mora following it is also defective:
- ãÂÂã³ãÂÂã³ã£å (Rondon-kko "Londoner"): L-H-H-HêÂÂL-L /roNdoNêÂÂQko/
- æÂ±äº¬ã£å (TÃ
ÂkyÃ
Â-kko "Tokyoite"): L-H-H-HêÂÂL-L /toRkjoRêÂÂQko/
- ç¾代ã£å (gendai-kko "modern person"): L-H-H-HêÂÂL-L /áeNdaJêÂÂQko/
Compoundified compound nouns vs noncompoundified compound nouns
In general, Japanese utterances can be syntactically split into discrete phrases (known in the Hashimoto school of grammar as ). For example, the utterance æ¯ÂãÂÂæÂÂçÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ç¶ãÂÂç¿ãÂÂæ´ÂãÂÂã¾ã (Haha-ga ryÃ
Âri-o shite chichi-ga sara-o arai-masu "My mother cooks and my father washes the dishes") can be subdivided into the following phrases:
- æ¯Âã (haha-ga)
- æÂÂçÂÂã (ryÃ
Âri-o)
- ãÂÂ㦠(shite)
- ç¶ã (chichi-ga)
- ç¿ã (sara-o)
- æ´ÂãÂÂã¾ã (arai-masu)
The general structure of these phrases is that a syntactically free morpheme is followed by one or more syntactically bound morphemes. Free morphemes are nouns, adjectives and verbs, while bound morphemes are particles and auxiliaries. In the above utterance, the free morphemes are æ¯Â, æÂÂçÂÂ, ãÂÂã¦, ç¶, ç¿, and æ´Âã while the bound ones are ãÂÂ, ã and ã¾ãÂÂ. The accent pattern of the entire utterance could be something like this:
Ideally, each phrase can carry at most one accent nucleus (in the above example, ha-ha-ga, ryo-o-ri-o, chi-chi-ga and a-ra-i-ma-su), and such accent nucleus is based solely on the lexical accent nucleus of the free morpheme of that phrase (bound morphemes do not have lexical accent patterns, and whatever accent patterns they do have is dependent on those of the free morphemes they follow). However, the situation becomes complicated when it comes to compound nouns.
When multiple independent nouns are placed successively, they syntactically form a compound noun. For example:
- 第 (dai) + ä¸Â次 (ichiji) + ä¸Âç (sekai) + 大æÂ¦ (taisen) > 第ä¸Â次ä¸ÂçÂÂ大æÂ¦ (Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen "World War I")
At the phrasal level, compound nouns are well contained within a phrase, no matter how long they are. Thus, the utterance ã¨ã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯第ä¸Â次ä¸ÂçÂÂ大æÂ¦ã§ã¯主æÂ¦å ´ã¨ãªã£ã (YÃ
Âroppa-wa Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen-de-wa shusenjÃ
Â-to natta "Europe was the main theater of war in World War I") is subdivided into phrases as follows:
- ã¨ã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㯠(YÃ
Âroppa-wa)
- 第ä¸Â次ä¸ÂçÂÂ大æÂ¦ã§ã¯ (Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen-de-wa)
- 主æÂ¦å ´ã¨ (shusenjÃ
Â-to)
- ãªã£ã (natta)
As Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen-de-wa is an entire phrase in itself, it should ideally carry at most one accent nucleus, the lexical accent nucleus of the free compound noun Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen. In actuality, Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen, as a compound noun, is capable of carrying more than one accent nucleus. While still being a syntactic compound, its components might not be solidly "fused" together and still retain their own lexical accent nuclei. Whether Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen should have one nucleus of its own, or several nuclei of its constituents, is a matter of whether it is a "compoundified compound noun" (è¤ÂÃ¥ÂÂèªÂÃ¥ÂÂè¤ÂÃ¥ÂÂÃ¥ÂÂè© fukugÃ
Âgoka fukugÃ
 meishi) or "noncompoundified compound noun" (éÂÂè¤ÂÃ¥ÂÂèªÂÃ¥ÂÂè¤ÂÃ¥ÂÂÃ¥ÂÂè© hifukugÃ
Âgoka fukugÃ
 meishi). The "compoundification" status of a compound noun is lexical, meaning that whether such compound noun is long or short, or simple or complex, is not relevant to whether it is "compoundified" or not. A yojijukugo such as ä¸Â代交代 (sedai-kÃ
Âtai "change of generation") may be treated as "compoundified," with a single accent nucleus:
Meanwhile, a different four-kanji compound noun, æÂ°æÂ§äº¤ä»£ (shinkyÃ
«-kÃ
Âtai "transition between the old and the new"), is treated as "noncompoundified", and retains the lexical accent nuclei of its constituents (in this case æÂ°æÂ§ and 交代):
Some compound nouns, such as æ ¸å»Âæ£Âç© (kaku-haikibutsu "nuclear waste"), can be, on a preferential basis, either "compoundified" or "noncompoundified":
For "noncompoundified" compound nouns, which constituents should be allowed for may also vary. For example, the above 第ä¸Â次ä¸ÂçÂÂ大æÂ¦:
Binary pitch
The foregoing describes the actual pitch. In most guides, however, accent is presented with a two-pitch-level model. In this representation, each mora is either high (H) or low (L) in pitch, with the shift from high to low of an accented mora transcribed HêÂÂL.
- If the accent is on the first mora, then the first syllable is high-pitched and the others are low: HêÂÂL, HêÂÂL-L, HêÂÂL-L-L, HêÂÂL-L-L-L, etc.
- If the accent is on a mora other than the first, then the first mora is low, the following morae up to and including the accented one are high, and the rest are low: L-HêÂÂ, L-HêÂÂL, L-H-HêÂÂL, L-H-H-HêÂÂL, etc.
- If the word is heiban (accentless), the first mora is low and the others are high: L-H, L-H-H, L-H-H-H, L-H-H-H-H, etc. This high pitch spreads to unaccented grammatical particles that attach to the end of the word, whereas these would have a low pitch when attached to an accented word (including one accented on the final mora).
Phonetically, although only the terms "high" and "low" are used, the "high" of an unaccented mora is not as high as an accented mora. Different analyses may treat final-accented (odaka) words and unaccented (heiban) words as identical and only distinguishable by a following particle, or phonetically contrastive and potentially phonemic based on how high a "high" tone actually is (see the Tertiary pitch subsection below). And the phonetic tones are never truly stable, but degrade toward the end of an utterance. This is especially noticeable in longer words, where the so-called "high" pitch tapers off toward the end. This tapering is especially exemplified by what is variously known as downstep, downdrift or catathesis, where the "high" pitch of words becomes successively lower after each accented mora:
In slow and deliberate enunciation (for example, with a pause between elements), the "high" tone of the second element in these phrases could still be sufficiently "high," but in natural, often pauseless, speech, it could become as low as the "low" tone of the first element, since there is an accented mora in that first element.
Tertiary pitch
Earlier phonologists made use of a three-tone system, with an additional "mid" tone (M). For example, 端 (hashi "edge", heiban/unaccented) is considered to have a L-M pattern, while æ© (hashi "bridge", odaka/final-accented) is to have a L-H pattern. This contrast is supported by phonetic analyses, which show that the contrast in frequency between the "low" and "high" tones in, for example, è± (hana "flower", odaka/final-accented), is much starker than the contrast between the "low" and "mid" tones in é¼» (hana "nose", heiban/unaccented). Moreover, the "high" tone in final-accented words is phonetically higher than the "mid" tone in unaccented words. With respect to potential minimal pairs such as "edge" hashi vs "bridge" hashi and "nose" hana vs "flower" hana, the "mid" tone, in theory, should be considered phonemic, but it is now largely merged with the "high" tone as phonologists claim there are no perceptible differences in pitch pattern between a final-accented word (odaka) without a following particle and an unaccented word (heiban):
The "mid" tone also corresponds to what is now considered the "low" tone in initial-accented (atamadaka) and medial-accented (nakadaka) words:
Initial lowering
The tone of the first mora in non-initial-accented (non-atamadaka) is subject to what is known as "initial dissimilation" or "initial lowering" which is sometimes overridden depending the type of the second mora:
- (1) If the second mora is /N/ or the lengthening half of a long vowel, the tone of the first mora is "high", and there may or may not be initial lowering.
- (2) If the second mora is /Q/, the tone of the first mora is "low", and there is initial lowering, but the tone of the second mora is also "low."
- (3) If the second mora is any other type of mora, the tone of the first mora is "low", and there is initial lowering.
In the (1) circumstances, initial lowering does not naturally happen in connected speech, but it can still be artificially induced with the slow, deliberate enunciation of whatever word is of concern. Despite this, most educational material only considers the option with initial lowering and ignores the option without.
The following are illustrative examples of the indefinite pitch of the first mora. For monomoraic non-initial-accented words, the second mora is whatever particle that follows it.
Pitch raising
The defining characteristic of accent in Japanese is a steep fall from a high tone to a low tone. This means that an accented mora is necessarily voiced for it to have any tone at all, much less specifically a high one. Yet, it is frequently the case that devoiced morae, particularly those containing the high vowels , are accented. The transition from an illusory, voiceless "high" to the following low is significantly different from a true high, in that the pitch of the following low is higher in the former case. This phenomenon has been termed pitch raising. Experiments have shown that, an accented yet voiceless mora raises the pitch of the following low tone significantly. The degree of raising depends on how close the voiceless "high" is to the low, which is raised the most when it comes right after the "high", for example in the test nonsense phrase (the accute accent marks a "high" tone, and the grave accent marks a low one; the "high" right next to the low is the accented "high"). In this case, the low tone of is raised because of the voiceless "high" of . If the "high" and the low are separated by voiceless "lows", there is less pitch raising as the accented "high" becomes farther away from the low, as in and . Pitch raising is suppressed if there is a voiced high before the devoiced "high", as in . Pitch raising has been attributed to an overlap of activity between the cricothyroid and sternohyoid muscles, the former of which is said to regulate pitch but to still be active during devoicing, while the latter is said to cause pitch falls, in words where the accented mora is voiceless. Such overlap is not present in words where the accented mora is voiced.
Accent patterns
Most of the following patterns are listed in the and the .
é£ç¨形
According to the appendix ã¢ã¯ãÂȋ³ã to the Daijirin, here are the patterns for the é£ç¨形 of unigrade verbs without a trailing particle or auxiliary:
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ê or ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ï¼Âæ¯Âã¹ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¹ï¼Â調ã¹ï¼Â
The derived noun from ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ã is ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ (accentless). Also compare the é£ç¨形 ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¹ (nakadaka) to its derived noun, ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ê (odaka).
According to Timothy J. Vance (2008) and ShirÃ
 KÃ
Âri (2020), here are the patterns for the é£ç¨形 of quinquegrade verbs without a trailing particle or auxiliary:
- ã®ã â ã®ãÂÂï¼Âä¹ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãªêÂÂã â ã¯ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â話ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã®êÂÂã â ã®êÂÂã¿ï¼Â飲ã¿ï¼Â
Compare the é£ç¨形 ã¯ãªêÂÂã and ã®êÂÂã¿ (nakadaka) to their respective derived nouns, ã¯ãªãÂÂê and ã®ã¿ê (odaka).
Nouns derived from other parts of speech
Nouns derived from single verbs
The accent of nouns derived from verbs is generally based on the accent of the dictionary forms of those verbs. If the dictionary form is accentless, the derived noun is also accentless:
- ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæµ®ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæµ®ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â貸ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â貸ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçµÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçµÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç³ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼Âç³ã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèªÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¿ã¨ãÂÂï¼ÂèªÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¦ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¦ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
If the dictionary form is accented, the derived noun has odaka accent, though certain derived nouns may alternatively have different accent types:
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçµÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¿êÂÂï¼ÂçµÂã¿ï¼Â
- ãµêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãµãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè½ã¡ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂï¼Âè½ã¡ï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â話ãÂÂï¼ â ã¯ãªãÂÂêÂÂï¼Â話ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã²ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
ÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¨êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå©ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âå©ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¤ã¨ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¤ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¤ã¨ãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âå¤ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¤ã¾êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¤ã¾ãÂÂê or ãÂÂã¤ã¾êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé©ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂê or ãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé©ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂê or ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Nouns derived from compound verbs
Nouns derived from compound verbs tend to be accentless:
- ã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¼¼åÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¼¼åÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä»ÂçµÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼Âä»ÂçµÂã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¨ÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¨ÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ã or ãÂÂãÂÂã¨êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã®ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ã®ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¹ÂãÂÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã®ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¹ÂãÂÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã®ã³ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¿Âã³泣ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã®ã³ãªãÂÂï¼Âå¿Âã³泣ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¼ãÂÂåºãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¼ãÂÂåºãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè²ãÂÂ渡ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè²ãÂÂ渡ãÂÂï¼Â
-sa nouns derived from adjectives
-sa forms derived from accentless dictionary forms of adjectives tend to also be accentless:
- ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå Â
ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå Â
ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ£ç¢ºï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ£ç¢ºãÂÂï¼Â
For accented dictionary forms with more than 2 morae, the accented location of the -sa forms is shifted back by 1 mora; OR, for non--shii dictionary forms with more than 3 morae, the accented location may, alternative, not be shifted:
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¯ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¯ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¿ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¿ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ¥ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ¥ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé«ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé«ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ°ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ°ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã©ã or ãÂÂãÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂé£ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂé£ãÂÂï¼Â
For -na adjectives, their roots' last mora is accented:
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
Âæ°Âï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
Âæ°ÂãÂÂï¼Â
-mi nouns derived from adjectives
-mi forms derived from accentless dictionary forms of adjectives tend to also be accentless:
- ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¾ã¿ï¼ÂçÂÂã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼ÂéÂÂã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂå£@â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼ÂçÂÂå£ã¿ï¼Â
For accented dictionary forms, unlike -sa, -mi often results in odaka accent, although for derived nouns with 4 or more morae, other accent types may also be found:
- ã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¦ãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂÂã¿êÂÂï¼Âè¦ã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¶êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¸ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¶ã¿êÂÂï¼Âæ¸Âã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé¢ç½ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ê or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¿ or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼Âé¢ç½ã¿ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤ï¼Â親åÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤ã¿ê or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂã¿ or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤ã¿ï¼Â親åÂÂã¿ï¼Â
-ke/ge nouns
-ke/ge forms derived from accentless dictionary forms of adjectives, nouns and verbs tend to also be accentless:
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç æ°Âï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¶ãªãÂÂï¼Âå±ãªãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¶ãªã or ãÂÂã¶ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå±ãªæ°Âï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¶ãÂÂï¼Â油@â ãÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ²¹æ°Âï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¨ãªï¼Â大人@â ãÂÂã¨ãªãÂÂï¼Â大人æ°Âï¼Â
For -ke/ge forms derived from accented dictionary forms, the results are often odaka, but if they contain more than 3 morae, they may be nakadaka instead:
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¯ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âå¯Âæ°Âï¼Â
- ã¯êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂæ°Âï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé£ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âé£ÂãÂÂæ°Âï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¦ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¦ãÂÂæ°Âï¼Â
Nominal affixes
Certain highly productive affixes, often of Sino-Japanese origin, often result in compound nouns with predictable accent patterns.
Prefixes
Productive Sino-Japanese prefixes such as 以ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂè²´ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂç¾ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂæÂÂ
ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂä»Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂ諸ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂÃ¥Â
Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂå°Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂå½Âï¼Âã¨ãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼Âã©ãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂæÂÂï¼Âã¼ãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂæÂ¬ï¼ÂãÂȋÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂ両ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ often result in atamadaka compounds: ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â諸åÂ
Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂ人ï¼ÂãÂÂã¨êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå½Â社ï¼ÂãÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂæ ¡ï¼ÂãÂÂã¼êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂ女ï¼ÂãÂÂã¼êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤ï¼ÂæÂÂæÂ¥ï¼Â.
Short suffixes
For many native and Sino-Japanese suffixes, the accent falls on the last èªç«ÂæÂ of the nouns before them. This means that if the last mora is a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, the accent must shift backward until it reaches a èªç«ÂæÂ (see #Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts above).
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂï¼ â ã¡ã®ã¿êÂÂãÂÂï¼Â乳飲ã¿åÂÂï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç°æ¤ÂãÂÂæÂÂï¼Â
- å·Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¿ã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂ
ç°å·Âï¼Â
- 鮨ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â大éª鮨ï¼Â
- å²³ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã ãÂÂï¼Âè°·å·Âå²³ï¼Â
- é¶Âï¼Âã¨ãÂÂãÂȋ©ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãªãÂÂêÂÂã©ãÂÂï¼Âå°¾é·é¶Âï¼Â
- è±Âï¼Âã¾ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼Âé¶Âè±Âï¼Â
- è«ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¦ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¹åÂÂãÂÂè«ï¼Â
- å¨ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¶Âç«å¨ï¼Â
- åºï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¡ãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂ代ç°åºï¼Â
- å¸Âï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¡ã°êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂèÂÂå¸Âï¼Â
- 士ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¹ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¼Âè·士ï¼Â
- 社ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂèªÂ社ï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ï¼ â ãªãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂ
éÂÂæÂÂï¼Â
- è²»ï¼Âã²@â ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ï¼Âå³æÂ¸è²»ï¼Â
- 婦ï¼Âãµ@â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂ括ÂçÂÂè·婦ï¼Â
- é¨ï¼Âã¶@â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¶ï¼ÂçµÂçÂÂé¨ï¼Â
- å¡ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¼Â社å¡ï¼Â
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¹¼ç¨ÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼Â
- ä¼Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â試åÂÂä¼Âï¼Â
- å¦ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¿ÂçÂÂå¦ï¼Â
- 館ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ ç»館ï¼Â
- å±Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã‹ÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂã‹ÂÂå±Âï¼Â
- é¡ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂÂãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â西å¤ÂæÂ©é¡ï¼Â
- çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¥Âå¥Âå·ÂçÂÂï¼Â
- å¼Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
¥å¦å¼Âï¼Â
- å®Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ÂæµÂÃ¥ÂÂå®Âï¼Â
- çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¶êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂé¨çÂÂï¼Â
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â大éªåÂÂï¼Â
- éÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¡Âç°éÂÂï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã§ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé»話æÂÂï¼Â
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂè¨ÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼Â
Some suffixes often result in accentless compounds:
- è²ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¡Âè²ï¼Â
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ¥æºÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼Â
- 髪ï¼ÂãÂÂã¿ãÂȋÂÂã¿@â ã«ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂ¬é«ªï¼Â
- å´ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·¦å´ï¼Â
- éÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã©ã²ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂ俵éÂÂï¼Â
- çµÂï¼ÂãÂÂã¿ãÂȋÂÂã¿@â ãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼ÂäºÂ人çµÂï¼Â
- ç¸Âï¼ÂãÂÂã¾ãÂȋÂÂã¾@â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾ï¼Âæ ¼åÂÂç¸Âï¼Â
- é¢ï¼Âã¤ãÂÂãÂȋÂ¥ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂ¥ãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂÃ¥ÂÂé¢ï¼Â
- çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂã¾ãÂȋ ã¾@â ã·ã£ãÂÂã³ã ã¾ï¼Âã·ã£ãÂÂã³çÂÂï¼Â
- 寺ï¼Âã¦ãÂÂãÂȋ§ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ãÂÂã§ãÂÂï¼Âæ¸Â
水寺ï¼Â
- æ²¼ï¼Â㋾@â ãÂÂãÂÂã°ã‹¾ï¼Âå°æÂÂæ²¼ï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç½å·ÂæÂÂï¼Â
- å±±ï¼ÂãÂÂã¾@â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾ï¼ÂæÂÂå®Âå±±ï¼Â
- å°Âå±Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¿ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂç¼ãÂÂå°Âå±Âï¼Â
- ç§Âï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂï¼Âå°ÂÃ¥Â
Âç§Âï¼Â
- å®¶ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¿æ²»å®¶ï¼Â
- 課ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â人äºÂ課ï¼Â
- ç»ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂÂ»ï¼Â
- èªÂï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¤Âå½èªÂï¼Â
- 座ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂèÂÂä¼Â座ï¼Â
- æ´¾ï¼Âã¯@â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ï¼Âå°象派ï¼Â
- é¡ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¸Âé¢é¡ï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â天çÂÂæÂÂï¼Â
- å ´ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â試é¨Âå ´ï¼Â
- æÂ§ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãµãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¸Âè¯æÂ§ï¼Â
- å¶ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂ主å¶ï¼Â
- 製ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂ¬è£½ï¼Â
- ç·Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ±æµ·éÂÂç·Âï¼Â
- éÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂäºÂÃ¥ÂÂéÂÂï¼Â
- ä¸Âï¼Âã¡ãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂÃ¥ÂÂä¸Âï¼Â
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼Âã¨ãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂȋÂÂã¨ãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂŒÂÂï¼Â
- Ã¥Â
Âï¼Âã¨ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¨ãÂÂï¼Â社ä¼ÂÃ¥Â
Âï¼Â
- ç¯ï¼Âã¨ãÂÂï¼ â ã¢ã¼ã¯ã¨ãÂÂï¼Âã¢ã¼ã¯ç¯ï¼Â
- å Âï¼Âã©ãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂÂã¤ã©ãÂÂï¼ÂäºÂæÂÂå Âï¼Â
- çÂÂï¼Âã¯ãÂÂãÂȋ°ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¤ã°ãÂÂï¼Â縮å·çÂÂï¼Â
- ç¤ï¼Âã°ãÂÂï¼ â ã¨ã«ãÂÂã¼ã°ãÂÂï¼ÂLPç¤ï¼Â
- 表ï¼Âã²ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂéÂÂ表ï¼Â
- çÂÂ
ï¼Âã³ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¿ÂèÂÂçÂÂ
ï¼Â
- ç±³ï¼Âã¾ãÂÂï¼ â ã¤ã³ãÂÂã£ã«ã¾ãÂÂï¼Âã¤ã³ãÂÂã£ã«米ï¼Â
- ç¨ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãµãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â婦人ç¨ï¼Â
- æµÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ â ã«ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ÂäºÂÃ¥ÂÂæµÂï¼Â
Some suffixes belong to both the above groups:
- é¡Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂå®Âé¡Âï¼Â
- ç´Âï¼ÂãÂÂã¿ãÂȋÂÂã¿@â ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ or ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼Â縮緬ç´Âï¼Â
- å£ï¼ÂãÂÂã¡ãÂȋÂÂã¡@â ã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ or ã§ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¡ï¼ÂåºåÂ
¥ãÂÂå£ï¼Â
- 風ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¿ãªã¿ãÂÂã or ã¿ãªã¿êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂ風ï¼Â
- æ²¹ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¤ã or ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂï¼Â潤æ»Âæ²¹ï¼Â
- çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ
ÂèÂÂçÂÂï¼Â
- è¦ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âèªè¡Âè¦ï¼Â
- è¨Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ´é¨è¨Âï¼Â
- 罪ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·害罪ï¼Â
- è¹ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â給水è¹ï¼Â
- æÂ¦ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â決åÂÂæÂ¦ï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼Âã¶ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¶ã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¶ãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
Â¨æÂÂï¼Â
- æ³Âï¼ÂãÂȋÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ã±ãÂÂãÂȋ or ãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ã±êÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂï¼ÂåºçÂÂæ³Âï¼Â
- å¤ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¶ÂÃ¥ÂÂå¤ï¼Â
- åºÂï¼Âã¦ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂã¦ã or ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂã¦ãÂÂï¼Âå«è¶åºÂï¼Â
- 人ï¼Âã«ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã«ãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂè·人ï¼Â
For a few native suffixes, their first mora is often accented:
- æ±Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·ãÂÂæ±Âï¼Â
- é¨ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé£ãÂÂãÂÂã®é¨ï¼Â
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¸åÂÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼Â
- 空ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã®ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¸Âã®空ï¼Â
- æÂÂï¼Âã¤ãÂÂãÂȋÂ¥ãÂÂï¼ â ã¾ã¤ã°ãÂ¥êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¾èÂÂæÂÂï¼Â
- è¹ï¼ÂãµãÂÂãÂȋ¶ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¶êÂÂãÂÂï¼Â渡ãÂÂè¹ï¼Â
- çªÂï¼Âã¾ã©@â ã‹©ã¹ã¾êÂÂã©ï¼Âã‹©ã¹çªÂï¼Â
- 麦ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¯ã ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â裸麦ï¼Â
Long suffixes
For native suffixes derived from free words with more than 2 morae, or native and Sino-Japanese suffixes derived from free words with 2 morphemes (often spelt with 2 kanji), if the original free words are accentless, odaka or atamadaka, the first mora of the derived suffixes is often accented:
- èÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã¨ã®ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â殿æ§ÂèÂÂï¼Â
- è¬ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç²Âè¬ï¼Â
- è»Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂã¾@â ã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¾ï¼Âè·è»Âï¼Â
- æ¡Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå±±æ¡Âï¼Â
- å°ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂå°ï¼Â
- è¦ÂèÂÂãÂÂï¼Âã¿ã¾ãÂÂï¼ â ã³ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿êÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂ
æ°Âè¦ÂèÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ä¼Â社ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ ªå¼Âä¼Â社ï¼Â
- å¦校ï¼ÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé«ÂçÂÂå¦校ï¼Â
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- 主義ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
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- ç¥Â社ï¼ÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂ¥ç¥Â社ï¼Â
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For suffixes derived from free words with nakadaka accent, the tendency is to only keep the original accent of those free words, though some shifting may occur if the resulting compounds are very long:
- 壿ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã ãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂã or ã²ã ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¡ãÂÂï¼Â左壿ÂÂï¼Â
- æÂÂå¤Âï¼Âã¤ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂȋÂÂãÂ¥ãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂȋÂÂãÂ¥êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂæÂÂå¤Âï¼Â
- ç©èªÂï¼ÂãÂÂã®ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæºÂæ°Âç©èªÂï¼Â
- 試é¨Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã«ãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
¥ç¤¾è©¦é¨Âï¼Â
- å§Âå¡ä¼Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂè²å§Âå¡ä¼Âï¼Â
Proper name suffixes
Some common proper name suffixes, such as æ§Âï¼ÂãÂÂã¾ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ殿ï¼Âã©ã®ï¼ÂãÂÂÃ¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â, do not affect the names they suffix:
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã¾ â ãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾
- ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã¾ â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ã + ãÂÂã¾ â ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂã¾
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ã¾ãÂÂã + ã¡ãÂÂã â ã¾ãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ã + ã¡ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ
- ã¯êÂÂãªã + ã¡ãÂÂã â ã¯êÂÂãªãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂã + ã©ã® â ãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ã®
- ã¾ãÂÂã + ã©ã® â ã¾ãÂÂãÂÂã©ã®
- ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂã + ã©ã® â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ã®
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ã + ã©ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ãÂÂã©ã®
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ã + ã©ã® â ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ãÂÂã©ã®
- ã¯êÂÂãªã + ã©ã® â ã¯êÂÂãªãÂÂã©ã®
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
æ°Âï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ places the accent on the last mora of originally accentless names, but does not affect accented names:
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂã + ã â ãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- ã¾ãÂÂã + ã â ã¾ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ã + ã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂ
Particle-like suffixes
Some suffixes notably affect accentless and accented nouns differently, like a trailing particle:
- ãÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â俺çÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå½¼çÂÂï¼Â
- ã¨ã + ãÂÂã¡ â ã¨ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¡ï¼Âé³¥éÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂã¡ â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ï¼Âç«éÂÂï¼Â
- ã¨ã + ã ãÂÂã â ã¨ãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂã or ã¨ãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé³¥ã ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç«ã ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Trailing particles and auxiliaries
The lexical accents of words as shown in dictionaries may be modified if there is a trailing particle or auxiliary.
Noun+particle
The particles are categorized in four groups based on how they modify the accent of the nouns the follow.
- Group A: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂã§ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¯ãÂÂã¸ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ©ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂã¦: These do not modify the nouns' accent at all. ãÂÂã in particular may make an accentless noun's last mora accented.
- 㯠+ ãÂÂã â ã¯ãÂÂã or ã¯êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group B: ã® (sometimes reduced to ãÂÂ): This particle only deaccents nouns with odaka accent and do not affect other nouns.
- Group C: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㪠(doubtful)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ: This group only affects accentless nouns (accentless).
- Group D: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㪠(exclamatory)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ã®ãÂÂã§ã¯ãÂÂã§ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ã¦ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãªã©ãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ã¿ãÂÂã¾ã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ã£ã¦ãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ: This group also only affects accentless nouns. When trailing an accented noun, ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂã and ã°ãÂÂã in particular may, alternatively, make the particle's first mora accented:
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã°ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group E: ã ãÂÂ: This particle either deaccents in and of itself, or behaves like Group A.
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Noun ending in ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ+ã®
The table above shows that the particle ã® does not affect certain nakadaka nouns. However, if a nakadaka noun ends in a special mora (ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, see #Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts above), ã® deaccents it just like it does an odaka noun.
- ã«ãÂȐÂÂã + ã® â ã«ãÂȋÂÂã®ï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂ‹Â®ï¼Â
- ã«ã£ã½êÂÂã + ã® â ã«ã£ã½ãÂÂã®ï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂ‹Â®ï¼Â
- ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼ÂæÂÂé®®ã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã®êÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂã®ãÂÂã®ï¼ÂæÂ¨æÂ¥ã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã®ï¼ÂçÂÂçÂÂã®ï¼Â
It has been argued that this behavior of these nakadaka nouns, coupled with that of odaka nouns, is proof that Japanese is a syllabic language rather than a moraic one, and syllables do indeed exist in Japanese, despite some objection such as These two groups of nouns can be classed as accented on the last syllable and deaccented if followed by ã® because (1) the odaka nouns end in a èªç«ÂæÂÂ, therefore their last "syllable" is accented and (2) the nakadaka nouns ends in a èªç«ÂæÂ followed by a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, therefore the last "syllable" is also accented. Here, the above examples are restated with added periods to denote "syllabic" boundaries, and with boldened last "syllables":
- ãÂÂ.ã¾ê + ã® â ãÂÂ.ã¾.ã®ï¼Âå±±ã®ï¼Â(odaka)
- ãÂÂ.ãÂÂ.ã¿ê + ã® â ãÂÂ.ãÂÂ.ã¿.ã®ï¼Âä¼Âã¿ã®ï¼Â(odaka)
- ãÂÂ.ãÂÂãÂÂ.ã¨ê + ã® â ãÂÂ.ãÂÂãÂÂ.ã¨.ã®ï¼Â妹ã®ï¼Â(odaka)
- ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ.ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ.ãÂÂãÂÂ.ã®ï¼ÂæÂÂé®®ã®@(nakadaka)
- ãÂÂ.ã®êÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂ.ã®ãÂÂ.ã®ï¼ÂæÂ¨æÂ¥ã®@(nakadaka)
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ.ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ.ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ.ã®ï¼ÂçÂÂçÂÂã®@(nakadaka)
Nominal odaka exception+ã®
Certain odaka nouns and nakadaka nouns ending in a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, including ancient place names, are not deaccented by ã®.
- ã¨ãÂÂê + ã® + ãÂÂã« â ã¨ãÂÂêÂÂã®ãÂÂã«ï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂä½Âã®å½ï¼Â
- ã¿ã®ê + ã® + ãÂÂã« â ã¿ã®êÂÂã®ãÂÂã«ï¼Âç¾Âæ¿Âã®å½ï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã® + ãÂÂã« â ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã®ãÂÂã«ï¼Âä¸Âæ²³ã®å½ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ê + ã® + ãÂÂã« â ãÂÂãÂÂã¿êÂÂã®ãÂÂã«ï¼Âç¸模ã®å½ï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂê + ã® â ã¤ãÂÂêÂÂã®ï¼Â次ã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã®ï¼Âä½ÂæÂÂã®ï¼Â
- ã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã® â ã²ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã®ï¼Âç¾ã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã£ãÂÂã¤ê + ã® â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂã¤êÂÂã®ï¼Âä¸ÂÃ¥ÂÂã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂȐÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂȐÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼ÂçµµæÂ‹Â®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼ÂÃ¥Â
ÂçÂÂã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼Â試é¨Âã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼Âç³çÂÂã®ï¼Â
- ã«ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ã«ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼ÂæÂ¥æÂ¬äººã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã«êÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼ÂäºÂ人ã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼Â大å¢ã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼Â沢山ã®ï¼Â
Two noun phrases connected by ã®
According to Vance (2008), when two noun phrases are connected by ã®, if the first phrase is unaccented, the whole combination relies on the accent pattern of the second:
- ã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ + ã® + + 㨠â ã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ã®ã¨ï¼ÂåºÂå³¶ã®åµã¨ï¼Â
- ã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ + ã® + + 㨠â ã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ã®ã¨ï¼ÂåºÂå³¶ã®éÂÂã¨ï¼Â
If the first phrase is accented, the two phrases likely remain separate, although downstep/downdrift/catathesis still applies and lowers the general pitch of the second phrase:
- + ã® + + 㨠â ã®ãÂÂã¨ï¼Â岡山ã®åµã¨ï¼Â
- + ã® + + 㨠â ã®ãÂÂã¨ï¼Â岡山ã®éÂÂã¨ï¼Â
Noun+ã®+noun fixed phrases
As noted above, the particle ã® can remove accent from odaka nouns, and nakadaka nouns ending in a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, resulting in an accentless phrase. Once the resulting noun+ã® phrase becomes accentless, when it is followed by another noun to form a fixed phrase, the second noun's accent often takes precedence:
- ã¤ã + ã® â ã¤ãÂÂã® + â ã¤ãÂÂã®ï¼Âæ¢Â
é¨ã®åÂ
¥ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ã + ã® â ã¿ãÂÂã® + â ã¿ãÂÂã®ï¼Âæ°´ã®泡ï¼Â
- ã¯ã¡ã + ã® â ã¯ã¡ãÂÂã® + â ã¯ã¡ãÂÂã®ï¼Â破竹ã®å¢ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãªê + ã® â ã¯ãªã® + â ã¯ãªã®ï¼Âè±ã®é½ï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂê + ã® â ã¤ãÂÂã® + â ã¤ãÂÂã®ï¼Âé¢ã®ç®ï¼Â
On the other hand, as ã® cannot remove accent from other nakadaka nouns, and atamadaka nouns, the resulting noun+ã® remains accented, and its accent often takes precedence:
- + ã® â + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¸ã®è«ï¼Â
- + ã® â + ãÂÂêÂÂã¡ â ãÂÂã¡ï¼Âæµ·ã®幸ï¼Â
- + ã® â + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæµ·ã®家ï¼Â
- + ã® â + ã²ê â ã²ï¼Âæ¯Âã®æÂ¥ï¼Â
Although these "rules" are still overridden in many other fixed phrases:
- + ã® + ã²ê â ã®ã²ï¼Âç¶ã®æÂ¥ï¼Â
- + ã® + ã â ã®ãÂÂï¼Âç·ã®åÂÂï¼Â
- + ã® + ã â ã®ãÂÂï¼Â女ã®åÂÂï¼Â
- + ã® + ãÂÂê â ã®ãÂÂï¼Âè¶ã®湯ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® + â ãÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼ÂæÂÂã®åÂÂ
ï¼Â
- ãÂÂê + ã® + â ãÂÂã®ï¼Âç®ã®æÂ括Â
- ãÂÂã + ã® + ãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂã®êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¢Â
ã®æÂ¨ï¼Â
- ãµãÂÂê + ã® + ãÂÂêÂÂã¿ â ãµãÂÂã®êÂÂãÂÂã¿ï¼Âç¦Âã®ç¥Âï¼Â
Odaka as a result of a devoicing shift + ã®
If the accented mora of a word becomes devoiced, then the accent may shift to the next mora (so as to "avoid" landing on a voiceless mora). Nouns that become odaka due to a devoicing-induced shift do not get deaccented by ã®.
The following nouns are all fundamentally atamadaka, but because the first mora is devoiced, some speakers pronounce them odaka instead. As explained, the particle ã® will not delete this sort of odaka accent:
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã® + ã¨ãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã®ã¨ãÂÂï¼Â屿©Âã®æÂÂï¼Â
- ã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã® + ã²ã¨ â ã²ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã®ã²ã¨ï¼Âç§ÂæÂ¸ã®人ï¼Â
- ãµãÂÂê + ã® + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãµãÂÂêÂÂã®ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¸Â帰ã®客ï¼Â
- ã¡ã¡ê + ã® + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ã¡ã¡ã®ãÂÂãÂÂã or ã¡ã¡êÂÂã®ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¶ã®客ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂê + ã® + ãªêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ãªêÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã®ãªãÂÂï¼Âæ±½è»Âã®ä¸Âï¼Â
ÃÂouns that shift towards a "syllable-final" accent (on their second-to-last mora, with the last mora being a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂâÂÂas described above in the ãÂÂç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ+ã®ã subsection) are likewise not deaccented:
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® + ãµãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ãµãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè³ÂéÂÂã®ä¸Âè¶³ï¼Â
- ãµãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® + ã²ã¨ â ãµãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ã²ã¨ï¼Âä»Âè¿Âã®人ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã® + ã¯ãªãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã®ã¯ãªãÂÂï¼Âæ©Â械ã®話ï¼Â
(all three of these examples are, once again, fundamentally atamadaka: ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãµêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ)
Noun+auxiliary
Auxiliaries can be categorized into four groups:
- Group a: ã : This auxiliary inherits the accent of the nouns.
- Group b: ã§ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ãÂÂãÂÂ: This group only affects the accent of accentless nouns (accentless).
- A phrase with an accented noun followed by ã¿ãÂÂã in particular may alternatively have two accent nuclei:
- ã¯êÂÂã + ã¿ãÂÂã â ã¯êÂÂãÂÂã¿ãÂÂã or ã¯êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¿ + ã¿ãÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¿ã¿ãÂÂã or ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¿ãÂÂã¿êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¹Âã¿ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- Group c: ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ: This group also only affects the accent of accentless nouns.
- Group d: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ: This auxiliary may affect all nouns, or only accentless nouns (Group c).
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Attributive phrase+noun+particle/auxiliary
When certain accentless nouns (accentless), such as æÂ¥ï¼Âã²ï¼Â, ä¸Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â, ä¸Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â, å®¶ï¼ÂãÂÂã¡ï¼Â, 人ï¼Âã²ã¨ï¼Â, æÂÂï¼Âã¨ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â, etc. are attributively modified by another accentless or odaka word and simultaneously followed by a particle or an auxiliary, the accent of the entire phrase may fall on the last mora of such nouns. Some examples include:
- ãÂÂãÂÂ㪠+ ã² + ã« â ãÂÂãÂÂãªã²êÂÂã«ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãªæÂ¥ã«ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã + ã² + 㯠â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã²êÂÂã¯ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂæÂ¥ã¯ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã + ã² + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã²êÂÂã ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂæÂ¥ã ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¾ + ã® + ãÂÂã + ã« â ãÂÂã¾ã®ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã«ï¼Âå±±ã®ä¸Âã«ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¾ + ã® + ãÂÂã + ã§ã â ãÂÂã¾ã®ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã§ãÂÂï¼Âå±±ã®ä¸Âã§ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãªã + ã® + ãÂÂã + ã« â ãÂÂãªãÂÂã®ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã«ï¼ÂæÂ³ã®ä¸Âã«ï¼Â
- ã¨ãªã + ã® + ãÂÂã¡ + ãÂÂã â ã¨ãªãÂÂã®ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé£ã®家ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¨ãªã + ã® + ãÂÂã¡ + ã â ã¨ãªãÂÂã®ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã ï¼Âé£ã®家ã ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂê + ã® + ã²ã¨ + ã â ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂã®ã²ã¨êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç·ã®人ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂê + ã® + ã²ã¨ + ã§ã â ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂã®ã²ã¨êÂÂã§ãÂÂï¼Âç·ã®人ã§ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãªã + ã¨ãÂÂã + 㸠â ãÂÂãªãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¸ï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂæÂÂã¸ï¼Â
Adverbial+particle/auxiliary
When an accentless adverbial (accentless) is followed by a particle or an auxiliary, the accent falls on the last mora of that adverbial (even if that adverbial already contains a particle to begin with).
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã + 㯠â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¯
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂã ã + 㯠â ãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂêÂÂã¯
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã + ã« â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã«
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã + ã§ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã§ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂã£ã¨ + ã â ãÂÂã£ã¨êÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂã£ã¨ + ã â ãÂÂã£ã¨êÂÂãÂÂ
- ã¾ã£ãÂÂã + ã§ã â ã¾ã£ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã§ãÂÂ
Noun vs greeting
Greetings have different accent patterns from the nouns they derive from. Here, the original noun phrases are on the left of the arrows.
- ãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂã¾ â ãÂÂã ãÂÂã¾êÂÂï¼Âåªä»Âï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã«ã¡ã¯ â ãÂÂãÂÂã«ã¡ã¯êÂÂï¼Âä»ÂæÂ¥ã¯ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂ㯠â ãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂã¯êÂÂï¼Âä»ÂæÂ©ã¯ï¼Â
Verbal é£ç¨形+particle
Four groups of particles that can follow the é£ç¨形 of verbs:
- Group F: ã¦ãÂȋ§
- Group G: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ ãÂÂãÂÂã¤ã¤ãÂÂã¦ã¯ãÂȋ§ã¯ãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂȋ§ãÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂȋ§ãÂÂ
- Group H: ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤ã¤ãÂÂã«
- Group I: ãªãÂÂãÂÂ
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Verbal dictionary forms
Accent dictionaries only list accent patterns for the of verbs, also known as the "dictionary forms", adjectives and adjectival verbs, and the accent patterns of other forms are deduced from such dictionary forms. If verbs are accented, most of them are accented on the second-to-last (in other words, the second-to-last syllable in some analyses), although what exactly that second-to-last independent mora is not always obvious. In cases where there are two adjacent identical vowel, the Shinmeikai and NHK dictionaries mark the second vowel as if it is an unaccentable (which means the two vowels form a long, continuous vowel), and a vowel kana if it is not (which means the two vowels are subject to interference, such as a glottal stop in between them).
- ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼ vs ãªãÂÂï¼Âé³´ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé Âå¼µãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ´ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ vs ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ
«ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè£Â
ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â潤ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç´ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â縫ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¼·ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã²ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â飢ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¨êÂÂã¼ãÂÂï¼ÂéÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥Â
¥ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
There are two exceptions where it is the third-to-last independent mora that is accented:
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¿ÂãÂÂï¼Â
And a few where there is variation between the second- and third-to-last mora:
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¡°ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¨ã¨ã®ãÂÂêÂÂã or ã¨ã¨ã®êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ´êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Some verbs have accented and unaccented variants:
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂã¡ã¼ãÂÂï¼Âç¨ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂã¼ãÂÂï¼Âè¦ÂãÂÂï¼Â
Verbal dictionary form+particle
Five groups of particles that can follow the dictionary forms of verbs:
- Group J: ã (case)ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂ㪠(exclamatory)ãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ©ãÂÂãÂÂã®ã®
- Group K: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group L: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ã¦ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ã¿ãÂÂã¾ã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㪠(exclamatory)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ. ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂã and ã°ãÂÂã behave similarly to when they follow nouns.
- Group M: ãÂÂãÂÂã (case, conjunctive)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㨠(quotative, parallel)ãÂÂ㪠(prohibitive)ãÂÂã«ãÂÂã®ãÂÂã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㪠(doubtful)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ã®ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ã¦ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãªã©ãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂã®ã§ãÂȋÂÂã§ãÂÂã®ã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãªãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂ
- Group N: ã ãÂÂ. Also behaves like Group J.
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Verbal ä»®å®Âå½¢+particle
Group O consists of ã©ãÂÂã°ãÂÂã©ãÂÂ. When these particles follow the ä»®å®Âå½¢ of an accentless verb, the last mora of such form is accented:
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼Âå±Â
ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼ÂèÂ
«ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼Âæ¯Âã¹ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼Âç¨ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼Âé³´ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼Âæ´ÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂêÂÂã°ï¼Âè¡ÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
For accented verbs, no accent shift occurs:
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âå°ÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂ´ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â調ã¹ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã° or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â課ãÂÂãÂÂã° or 課ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã° or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã° or æÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãªêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â帰ãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âç¿ÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ã¦ã¤ã êÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂæÂÂä¼ÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
Verbal å½令形+particle
For the spoken å½令形 of verbs with accentless accent, the last mora is accented:
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âå±Â
ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂèÂ
«ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âæ¯Âã¹ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âç¨ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âé³´ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂêÂÂï¼Âè¡ÂãÂÂï¼Â
For the written å½令形 of unigrade verbs with accentless accent, whose root contains only 1 mora, the last mora is also accented; or alternatively, the penultimate mora is:
- ãÂÂãÂÂê or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå±Â
ãÂÂï¼Â
For the written å½令形 of unigrade and -suru verbs with accentless accent, whose root contains more than 1 mora, the penultimate mora is accented:
- ã¯ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ
«ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¯Âã¹ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¨ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
For spoken and written å½令形 of verbs with accented accent, the location of the accented mora is the same as that in the dictionary forms:
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå°ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå°ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â課ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂï¼Âï¼Â課ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂï¼Âï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¿ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¦ã¤ã êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂä¼ÂãÂÂï¼Â
For the written å½令形 of unigrade and -suru verbs with accented accent, whose root contains more than 1 mora, the location of the accented mora could, alternatively, be shifted back by up to 2 morae, until it reaches an independent mora (èªç«ÂæÂÂ, see #Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts above):
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¹ãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â *ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â *ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Group P consists of ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ. These particles do not alter the accent of the å½令形:
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå±Â
ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã â ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèÂ
«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ãÂÂê + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¯Âã¹ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂê + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- ãªãÂÂê + ã â ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé³´ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂê + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¡ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå°ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¿¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â課ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªêÂÂã + ã â ãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã + ã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂã + ã â ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¿ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¦ã¤ã êÂÂã + ã â ã¦ã¤ã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂä¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Verbal dictionary form+auxiliary
Three groups of auxiliaries that can trail dictionary forms of verbs:
- Group e: ãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂã¿ãÂÂãÂÂ. This group may, alternatively, interact differently with accented verbs, resulting in two accent nuclei:
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Â
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Âç¿ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã + ã¿ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿ãÂÂã or ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂã¿ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- Group f: ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ. When interacting with accented verbs, the penultimate mora of the auxiliary may, alternatively, be accented:
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â帰ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- Group g: ã¾ãÂÂ
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Verbal æÂªç¶形+auxiliary
Three groups of auxiliaries that can trail æÂªç¶形 of verbs:
- Group h: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group i: ãªãÂÂ
- Group j: ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Verbal é£ç¨形+auxiliary
Three groups of auxiliaries that can trail é£ç¨形 of verbs:
- Group k: ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂ
- Group l: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group m: ã¾ãÂÂ
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Adjectival dictionary forms
Unlike verbal dictionary forms which are accented on the second-to-last independent mora, adjectival dictionary forms are accented (if they are accented at all) on the last independent mora, which is usually the mora right before ãÂÂ, as ã itself is analyzed as a special mora.
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¼ã or ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¤ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âè¯ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã²ã©êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéÂ
·ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé¢ç½ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ°ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Adjectival dictionary form+particle
Five groups of particles that can trail dictionary forms of adjectives:
- Group Q: ã¨ãÂÂ㪠(exclamatory)ãÂÂã (proclamatory)ãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ©ãÂÂãÂÂã®ã®
- Group R: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group S: ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ã¦ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ã¿ãÂÂã¾ã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㪠(exclamatory)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ. When trailing an accented noun, ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ, ã©ãÂÂã and ã°ãÂÂã in particular may, alternatively, make the particle's first mora accented:
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã©ãÂÂã + ã® â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂã® or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂã®ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã°ãÂÂã + ã§ â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂã§ or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã§ï¼Âé«ÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂã§ï¼Â
- Group T: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®ãÂÂã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ㪠(doubtful)ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂã¨ã¦ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãªã©ãÂÂãªãÂÂãÂÂã®ã§ãÂȋÂÂã§ãÂÂã®ã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãªãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂ
- Group U: ã ãÂÂ. Alternatively, behaves like Group Q.
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Adjectival é£ç¨形+particle
The -ku é£ç¨形 of accentless adjectives are also accentless:
- ãÂÂã¤ã â ãÂÂã¤ãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã â ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂåªãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
The accent nucleus of the -ku é£ç¨形 of accented adjectives is shifted one mora backward if possible; OR, if the -ku form contains more than 3 morae, is the same as that of the dictionary form:
- ãªêÂÂã â ãªêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¡ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¤êÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂï¼Âç±ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã or ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Group V consists of the following particles: ã¦ãÂÂã¯ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂ. When an accentless -ku form combines with a Group-V particle, either the -ku form's penultimate mora is accented; OR, the -shiku form's antepenultimate mora is accented:
- ãÂÂã¤ã â ãÂÂã¤ã + 㦠â ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã â ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã + 㦠â ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã + 㦠â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ㦠or ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼ÂåªãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
With 㯠in particular, the accentless -ku form's last mora may, alternatively, accented:
- ãÂÂã¤ã â ãÂÂã¤ã + 㯠â ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂ㯠or ãÂÂã¤ãÂÂêÂÂã¯ï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂã¯ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã + 㯠â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ㯠or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¯ï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ï¼Â
Group V does not affect the accent nucleus of accented -ku forms:
- ãªêÂÂã â ãªêÂÂã + 㦠â ãªêÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Âç¡ãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¤êÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¤ã + 㦠â ãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂã¦ï¼Âç±ãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã + 㦠â ã¿ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + 㦠â ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã + 㦠â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + 㦠â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Â
Adjectival ä»®å®Âå½¢+particle
Group W consists of the following particles: ã°ãÂÂã©ãÂÂã©ãÂÂ.
For accentless dictionary forms, the root's last mora is accented:
- ãÂÂã¤ã â ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã â ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂåªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
For accented dictionary forms, the accent nucleus shifts 1 mora backward if possible; OR if the -i, not -shii, forms contain more than 4 morae, the accent nucleus is the same as that of the dictionary form:
- ãªêÂÂã â ãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âç¡ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¤êÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âç±ãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã° or ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ï¼Â
Adjectival dictionary form+auxiliary
Four groups of auxiliaries that can trail dictionary forms of adjectives:
- Group n: ãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂã¿ãÂÂãÂÂ. These can alternatively result in two accent nuclei when combining with accented adjectives:
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Âé«ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Âé«ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ã¿ãÂÂã â ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¿ãÂÂã or ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂã¿ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- Group o: ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã§ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group p: ã§ãÂÂ
- Group q: ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ. Alternatively, behaves like Group o.
Notes are given where there's a change in accent.
Adjectival æÂªç¶形+auxiliary
The only member of Group r is ãÂÂ, and it uniquely combines with the -karo forms of adjectives. The mora ro in -karo is accented:
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂÃ¥ÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂç±ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå·ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂçÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂåªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¬ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Particle/auxiliary+particle
When a particle or auxiliary follows a phrase that ends in another particle, if that phrase has accentless accent, its last mora is accented:
- ã¿ã + ã§ â ã¿ãÂÂã§ + 㯠â ã¿ãÂÂã§êÂÂã¯ï¼Âæ°´ã§ã¯ï¼Â
- ãÂÂã£ã¦ + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂã£ã¦êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé£ã£ã¦ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¿ã + ã§ â ã¿ãÂÂã§ + ã§ã â ã¿ãÂÂã§êÂÂã§ãÂÂï¼Âæ°´ã§ã§ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªã + 㨠â ãªãÂÂ㨠+ ã â ãªãÂÂã¨êÂÂã ï¼Âæ³£ãÂÂã¨ã ï¼Â
Certain particles such as ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã ã may, alternatively, not alter the accentless phrase:
- ã¿ã + ã§ â ã¿ãÂÂã§ + ã ã â ã¿ãÂÂã§êÂÂã ã or ã¿ãÂÂã§ã ãÂÂï¼Âæ°´ã§ã ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã£ã¦ + ã ã â ãÂÂã£ã¦êÂÂã ã or ãÂÂã£ã¦ã ãÂÂï¼Âé£ã£ã¦ã ãÂÂï¼Â
Otherwise, if that phrase has atamadaka or nakadaka accent, its accent is not altered:
- ãÂÂã¾ê + ã« â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂã« + 㯠â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂã«ã¯ï¼Âå±±ã«ã¯ï¼Â
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂã£ã¦ + ãÂÂã â ãªãÂÂêÂÂã£ã¦ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¿Âã£ã¦ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯êÂÂã + ã§ â ã¯êÂÂãÂÂã§ + 㯠â ã¯êÂÂãÂÂã§ã¯ï¼ÂæÂ¥ã§ã¯ï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¹ã¦ + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¹ã¦ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé£Âã¹ã¦ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂê + ã« â ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂêÂÂã« + ã§ã â ãÂÂã¨ãÂÂêÂÂã«ã§ãÂÂï¼Âç·ã«ã§ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¹êÂÂã + 㨠â ãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂ㨠+ ã§ã â ãÂÂã¹êÂÂãÂÂã¨ã§ãÂÂï¼Âé£Âã¹ãÂÂã¨ã§ãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¯êÂÂã + ã« â ã¯êÂÂãÂÂã« + ã§ã â ã¯êÂÂãÂÂã«ã§ãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ¥ã«ã§ãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + 㨠â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ㨠+ ã§ã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¨ã§ãÂÂï¼ÂèªÂãÂÂã¨ã§ãÂÂï¼Â
Accented voiceless morae
Pitch accent involves a steep drop from a high pitch and a low pitch, which are facilitated by a fundamental frequency, in other words, voicing. However, the high vowels and are susceptible to devoicing, mostly between two voiceless consonants, which may interfere with accenting. In such cases where a devoiced vowel is accented, alternative pronunciations with accent shifts are possible. In following examples, devoiced morae are in bold. The suffix çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ starts with a voiceless vowel and can create an environment for devoicing. As mentioned above, ç is also a short suffix that puts the accent on the last èªç«ÂæÂ before it.
- ãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã â ãªãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âé·å´ÂçÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã¾ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂã¾ãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â山梨çÂÂï¼Â
List of particles and auxiliaries
The following list for Tokyo accent is not shown in the NHKæÂ¥æÂ¬èªÂçºé³ã¢ã¯ãÂȋ³ãÂÂè¾ÂÃ¥Â
¸, but slightly reworked from papers by ShirÃ
 KÃ
Âri. A few patterns for missing particles and auxiliaries are inferred from the appendix ã¢ã¯ãÂȋ³ã to the Daijirin.
Trailing è£Âå©åÂÂè©Â
Like å©åÂÂè© ("auxiliaries"), è£Âå©åÂÂè© ("supplementary verbs") also modify the accent of the verbs they trail. According to the Daijirin and KÃ
Âri (2020):
- ã®ã + ãÂÂêÂÂ㦠â ã®ãÂÂãÂÂã¦ï¼Âä¹ÂãÂÂç«Âã¦ï¼Â
- ã®êÂÂã + ãÂÂêÂÂ㦠â ã®ã¿ãÂÂã¦ï¼Â飲ã¿ç«Âã¦ï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ã + ã¤ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ãÂ¥ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¯Âã¹è¾ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã®ã + ã¤ãÂÂã â ã®ãÂÂãÂ¥ãÂÂêÂÂã or ã®ãÂÂãÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¹ÂãÂÂè¾ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂã + ã¤ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ãÂ¥ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹è¾ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã®êÂÂã + ã¤ãÂÂã â ã®ã¿ãÂ¥ãÂÂêÂÂã or ã®ã¿ãÂ¥ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â飲ã¿è¾ÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ã + ã«ãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¯Âã¹æÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã®ã + ã«ãÂÂêÂÂã â ã®ãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¹ÂãÂÂæÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¹êÂÂã + ã«ãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¹ã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â調ã¹æÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã®êÂÂã + ã«ãÂÂêÂÂã â ã®ã¿ã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂï¼Â飲ã¿æÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
è£Âå©åÂÂè© vs æÂŒÂÂè©Â
As è£Âå©åÂÂè© ("supplementary verbs") are grammaticalized æÂŒÂÂè© ("main verbs"), they do not have the same accent patterns as their main verb ancestors. Compare:
- ãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã§ ã¿êÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂèªÂãÂÂã§è¦Âã "read and see"ï¼Â: the main verb è¦ÂãÂÂ, spelt with a kanji, retains its accent
- ãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã§ã¿ãÂÂï¼ÂèªÂãÂÂã§ã¿ã "try seeing"ï¼Â: the supplementary verb ã¿ãÂÂ, spelt with only kana, does not have its own accent
In the above example, èªÂãÂÂã§ is accented and apparently "suppresses" the accent of ã¿ãÂÂ. However, in case of an unaccented 㦠form, the accent of ã¿ã emerges:
- ãÂÂãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã£ã¦ã¿êÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¬Âã£ã¦ã¿ã "try laughing"ï¼Â
Also compare how auxiliaries verbs in English are usually weak, while their main verb ancestors are always strong: Do you do it? , I had had it .
Compound -suru verbs
In two-or-more-kanji Sino-Japanese compounds, or native or foreign compounds, the accent of the word before -suru takes precedence:
- ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂéªéÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âä¸Â話ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂãªêÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¡ÂÃ¥ÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â許å¯ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã¤ã + ãÂÂã â ã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âç¶ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂã³ê + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂã³êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ±ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¿ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãªêÂÂã¿ã + ãÂÂã â ãªêÂÂã¿ã ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âæ¶ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ã êÂÂã£ã + ãÂÂã â ã êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂ±ã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã¼ã¯ + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂã¼ã¯ãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¹ã« + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¹ã«ãÂÂãÂÂ
This is also the case for some single-kanji compounds where the kanji is generally capable of representing a free word with its own accent:
- ã¨ã + ãÂÂã â ã¨ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Âå¾ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â楽ãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â
Numerals
The following table lists some compounds of numerals and their accent.
A few patterns can be spotted:
- For numerals from 1-9 (ãÂÂã¡ï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂ), the accent is tentatively placed on the last mora, and if that mora is a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, the accent is shifted backward. Exceptions include ãÂÂã and ãªêÂÂãª.
- For compounds from 10 to 90 (ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ), ãÂÂãÂÂ
is accented, except in ã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ.
- For compounds from 100 to 900 (ã²ãÂÂãÂÂï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ), the accent is odaka, except in ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ.
- For compounds from 1,000 to 100,000 (ãÂÂãÂÂï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ), the accented morae are ãÂÂãÂȋ and ã¾.
- For compounds from 200,000 to 900,000 (ã«ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ), either ãÂÂãÂÂ
or ã¾ can be accented. Alternative exceptions include ã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ.
- For compounds from 1,000,000 to 90,000,000 (ã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ), the accented mora is ã¾. Alternative exceptions include ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ.
- For compounds from 100,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 (ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂï½ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ), the accent is tentatively placed on the last mora of the first numeral, and if that mora is a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, the accent is shifted backward.
Compounds from 11 to 19:
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂ
- + ãÂÂê â ãÂÂ
- + ãÂÂê â ãÂÂ
Additional rules for compounding:
- For regular compounds from 20 to 90 whose accented mora is ãÂÂãÂÂ
, and from 100 to 900 with odaka accent, if they additionally compound with a numeral or another compound, the 2nd component's accent takes precedence:
- *ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã + â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- *ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂê + â ãÂÂã²ãÂÂãÂÂ
- For irregular compounds from 20 to 900 (in yellow cells in the table), the 1st component's accent takes precedence; if the 2nd component is accented, its accent is, alternatively, kept:
- * + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂ
- * + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂ
- * + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- * + ãªêÂÂ㪠â ãªãª or ãÂÂãªêÂÂãª
- * + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- * + ãªêÂÂ㪠â ãªãª or ãÂÂãªêÂÂãª
- * + ã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã â ã«ãÂÂãÂÂ
ã or ãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- * + ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂ
- * + ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¡ê â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¡ or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂ
- Compounds resulting from rule 1 follow rule 2:
- * + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂãÂÂ
- * + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂã or ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- * + ãªêÂÂ㪠â ãªãª or ãÂÂãªêÂÂãª
Numeral+counter
Compounds formed from one or more numerals and a counter often obey certain rules. Counters can be categorized into five groups, and multiple subgroups, depending on the resulting accent:
- Group D: The resulting accent is mostly accentless:
- Group D1: Always:
- é±ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂ
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼Âã°ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ã°ãÂÂãÂÂã«ã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªã°ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°ãÂÂ
- æ ¡ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â("proof", ordinal) â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
- 人åÂÂï¼Âã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂã«ã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂȋªãªã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ
- å¹´çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ ("annual/biennial plant", cardinal) â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group D2: With exceptions:
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group D3: With exceptions:
- æÂ¥ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ (ordinal) â ãÂÂãµã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã¿ã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªã®ãÂÂãÂȋªã‹ÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¨ãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group E: The resulting accent is mostly odaka:
- Group E1: Always:
- ä¸Âç®ï¼Âã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ (ordinal) â ãÂÂã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã«ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãªãªã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¯ã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- çªç®ï¼Âã°ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ (ordinal) â ãÂÂã¡ã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã«ã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãªãªã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- 度ç®ï¼Âã©ãÂÂï¼ (ordinal) â ãÂÂã¡ã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã«ã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãªãªã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡ã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã©ãÂÂêÂÂ
- Group E2: With exceptions:
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂã¤@(ordinal) â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã«ãÂÂã¤êÂÂ
- Group E3: With exceptions:
- å°ºï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- Group E4: With exceptions:
- 度ï¼Âã©@("time", cardinal) â ãÂÂã¡ã©êÂÂãÂÂã«ã©êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã©êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group E5: With exceptions:
- æÂ²ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂ
- Group F: In the resulting compound, the counter's first mora is mostly accented:
- Group F1: Always:
- æÂÂéÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ (cardinal) â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋªãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- æÂÂéÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- 段éÂÂï¼Âã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- çªå°ï¼Âã°ãÂÂã¡@(ordinal) â ãÂÂã¡ã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂã«ã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãªãªã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂã¯ã¡ã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¡
- çªæÂÂï¼Âã°ãÂÂã¦@(ordinal) â ãÂÂã¦ã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂã«ã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂȋÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãªãªã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂã¯ã¦ã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã°êÂÂãÂÂã¦
- å¹´çÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ ("-year student", ordinal) â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ç®Âå¹´ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ (cardinal) â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ¯ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- ç®ÂæÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤@(cardinal) â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãªãªãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂȋ¯ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤ãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¤
- Group F2: With exceptions:
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- Group F3: With exceptions:
- éÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- Group F4: With exceptions:
- 寸ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- Group F5: With exceptions:
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group F6: With exceptions:
- ç³ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ
- Group G: The counter's own accent as a free word takes precedence:
- ãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂâÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂã«ãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡ãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãªã¯ã¿êÂÂã¼ãÂÂ
- ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂâÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãªãªãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂã¯ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ã ãÂȋÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂã°êÂÂã©ãÂÂ
- ccï¼Âã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ï¼ÂãÂÂâÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡ã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂã«ã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãªãªã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂã¯ã¡ã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ãÂÂã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
ã£ã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼ãÂȋÂÂã£ã·ã¼ã·êÂÂã¼
- Group H: The accent is tentatively placed on the last mora of the numeral, and if that mora is a ç¹æ®ÂæÂÂ, the accent is shifted backward.
- Group H1: Always:
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂ
- æ ¡ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼Â("school", cardinal) â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂã â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
- ãÂÂã³ â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂã³ãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂȋ¯êÂÂã£ãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã³ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂã³ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂã³
- æÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ (ordinal) â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- 女ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ ("daughter", ordinal) â ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- 女ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ ("female person", cardinal) â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼Âã¶@â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã¶ãÂÂã«êÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¶ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¶ãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã¶ãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂã¶ãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã¶ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã¶ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã¶
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãµãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ã·ãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãµãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã·ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã·ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãµãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ã·ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãµãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãµãÂÂãÂȋ¯êÂÂã£ã·ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãµãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ã·ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ã·ãÂÂ
- ç¾½ï¼ÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ã±ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂȋ¯êÂÂã£ã±ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ã±ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ã±ãÂȋÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- 度ï¼Âã©@("degree", cardinal) â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã©ãÂÂã«êÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã©ãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã©ãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂã©ãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã©ãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã©ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã©
- Group H2: With exceptions:
- æÂ³ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H3: With exceptions:
- è»Âï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H4: With exceptions:
- çºã»ä¸Âï¼Âã¡ãÂÂãÂÂï¼ (cardinal) â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãªãªêÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯êÂÂã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ã¡ãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H5: With exceptions:
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H6: With exceptions:
- å°ï¼Âã ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂ
- Group H7: With exceptions:
- Ã¥ÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã£ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H8: With exceptions:
- 段ï¼Âã ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã ãÂÂ
- çªï¼Âã°ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂ
- Group H9: With exceptions:
- 人ï¼Âã«ãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã«ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã«ãÂÂ
- Group H10: With exceptions:
- å¹´ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H11: With exceptions:
- å¹Âï¼Âã¾ãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã¨êÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂȋ¿êÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¡êÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂã¯ã¡êÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
êÂÂãÂÂã¾ãÂÂ
- Group H12: With exceptions:
- æÂÂï¼Âã¤ãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã¨êÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãµãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂȋÂÂã¿êÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã®êÂÂã¤ãÂÂãÂÂã¨êÂÂã¤ãÂÂ
- Group H13: With exceptions:
- æÂÂãÂÂï¼ÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã¨êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¤êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãªãªêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
- Group H14: With exceptions:
- 人ï¼ÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂãÂÂï¼ â ã²ã¨êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã¿êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂȋÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ
A more comprehensive index of counters and their groups entitled å©æÂ°è©Â索张can be found in the NHKæÂ¥æÂ¬èªÂçºé³ã¢ã¯ãÂȋ³ãÂÂè¾ÂÃ¥Â
¸.
Dvandva compounds
A dvandva compound (AB = "A and B") preserves the accent pattern of either only the first constituent (A), or both constituents (A and B):
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(é¨風 "rain and wind")
- ã¯êÂÂã + ãÂÂêÂÂã â ã¯êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(æÂ¥ç§ "spring and autumn")
- ãªã¤ê + ãµãÂÂê â ãªêÂÂã¤ãµãÂÂ(å¤Âå¬ "summer and winter")
- ãÂÂã¾ê + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂã¾êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(山巠"mountains and rivers"; compare ãÂÂã¾ãÂÂã "river in mountains" which is not dvandva)
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(é»Âç½ "black and white")
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ãÂÂêÂÂã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(ç½黠"white and black")
- ã¦ê + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ã¦êÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(æÂÂè¶³ "hands and feet")
- ãÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(æ¡Âæ  "peaches and chestnuts")
- ã¡ã¡ê + ã¯êÂÂ㯠â ã¡ã¡êÂÂã¯ã¯(ç¶毠"father and mother")
- ã¨ãÂÂê + ã¤ãÂÂê â ã¨ãÂÂêÂÂã¤ãÂÂ(å¹´æÂ "years and months")
- ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã°ã â ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã°ãÂÂ(æÂÂæÂ© "morning and evening")
- ãÂÂãÂÂê + ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(好ãÂÂå«Âã "likes and dislikes")
- ãÂÂã + ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂê â ãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂãÂÂ(è¡ÂãÂÂ帰ã "going and coming back")
- ã©ãÂÂêÂÂã + ã«ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂã â ã©ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂãÂÂã«ã¡ãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ(Ã¥ÂÂæÂÂæÂ¥æÂ "Saturday and Sunday")
- ãÂÂã§êÂÂã³ + ã¹ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂ㢠â ãÂÂã§êÂÂã³ãÂÂã¹ãÂÂãÂÂêÂÂãÂÂã¢("Czechia and Slovakia; Czechoslovakia")
Examples of words that differ only in pitch
In standard Japanese, about 47% of words are unaccented and around 26% are accented on the mora. However, this distribution is highly variable between word categories. For example, 70% of native nouns are unaccented, while only 50% of kango and only 7% of loanwords are unaccented. In general, most 1âÂÂ2 mora words are accented on the first mora, 3âÂÂ4 mora words are unaccented, and words of greater length are almost always accented on one of the last five morae.
The following chart gives some examples of minimal pairs of Japanese words whose only differentiating feature is pitch accent. An accentual fall is indicated with the IPA symbol for "downstep," , a notation used by , but it is not to be confused with actual downstep or catathesis, which is not a fall from a high to low tone, but the lowering of high tones only.
In isolation, the words hashi ã¯ã hàshà"bridge" and hashi hàshà"edge" are pronounced identically, starting low and rising to a high pitch. However, the difference becomes clear in context. With the simple addition of the particle ni "at", for example, hàshÃÂ-nì "at the bridge" acquires a marked drop in pitch, while hàshi-ni "at the edge" does not. However, because the pitch drop occurs after the first mora of the accented syllable, a word with a final long accented syllable would contrast all three patterns even in isolation: an accentless word nihon, for example, would be pronounced , differently from either of the words above. In 2014, a study recording the electrical activity of the brain showed that native Japanese speakers mainly use context, rather than pitch accent information, to contrast between words that differ only in pitch.
This property of the Japanese language allows for a certain type of pun, called , combining two words with the same or very similar sounds but different pitch accents and thus meanings. For example, kaeru-ga kaeru . These are considered quite corny, and are associated with .
Since any syllable, or none, may be accented, Tokyo-type dialects have N+1 possibilities, where N is the number of syllables (not morae) in a word, though this pattern only holds for a relatively small N.
Other dialects
Accent and tone are the most variable aspect of Japanese dialects. Some have no accent at all; of those that do, it may occur in addition to a high or low word tone.
The dialects that have a Tokyo-type accent, like the standard Tokyo dialect described above, are distributed over Hokkaido, northern Tohoku, most of Kanto, most of ChÃ
«bu, ChÃ
«goku and northeastern Kyushu. Most of these dialects have a more-or-less high tone in unaccented words (though first mora has low tone, and following morae have high tone); an accent takes the form of a pitch drop, after which the tone stays low. But some dialects, for example, dialects of northern Tohoku and eastern Tottori, typically have a more-or-less low tone in unaccented words; accented syllables have a high tone, with low tone on either side, rather like English stress accent. In any case, the pitch drop has phonological meaning and the syllable followed by pitch drop is said to be "accented".
Keihan (KyotoâÂÂOsaka)-type dialects of Kansai and Shikoku have nouns with both patterns: That is, they have tone differences in unaccented as well as accented words, and both accentual falls in some high-tone words and a high-tone accent in some low-tone words. In the neighboring areas of Tokyo-type and Keihan-type such as parts of Kyushu, northeastern Kanto, southern Tohoku, around Fukui, around Ã
Âzu in Ehime and elsewhere, nouns are not accented at all.
Kyushu (two-pattern type)
In western and southern Kyushu dialects (pink area on the map on the right), a high tone falls on a predictable syllable, depending only on whether the noun has an accent. This is termed a two-pattern (nikei) system, as there are two possibilities, accented and not accented. For instance, in the Kagoshima dialect unaccented nouns have a low tone until the final syllable, at which point the pitch rises. In accented nouns, however, the penultimate syllable of a phonological word has a high tone, which drops on the final syllable. (Kagoshima phonology is based on syllables, not on morae.) For example, irogami 'colored paper' is unaccented in Kagoshima, while kagaribi 'bonfire' is accented. The ultimate or penultimate high tone will shift when any unaccented grammatical particle is added, such as nominative -ga or ablative -kara:
In the Shuri dialect of the Okinawan language, unaccented words are high tone; accent takes the form of a pitch drop after the second syllable, or after the first syllable of a disyllabic noun. However, the accents patterns of the Ryukyuan languages are varied, and do not all fit the Japanese patterns.
Nikei accents are also found in parts of Fukui and Kaga in Hokuriku region (green area on map).
No accent versus one-pattern type
In MiyakonojÃ
Â, Miyazaki Prefecture (the small black area on map), there is a single accent: all phonological words have a low tone until the final syllable, at which point the pitch rises. That is, every word has the pitch pattern of Kagoshima . This is called an (one-pattern) accent. Phonologically, it is the same as the absence of an accent (white areas on map), and is sometimes counted as such, as there can be no contrast between words based on accent. However, speakers of -type dialects feel that they are accenting a particular syllable, whereas speakers of unaccented dialects have no such intuition.
Keihan (KyotoâÂÂOsaka type)
Near the old capital of Kyoto, in Kansai, Shikoku, and parts of Hokuriku (the easternmost Western Japanese dialects), there is a more innovative system, structurally similar to a combination of these patterns. There are both high and low initial tone as well as the possibility of an accented mora. That is, unaccented nouns may have either a high or a low tone, and accented words have pitch accent in addition to this word tone. This system will be illustrated with the Kansai dialect of Osaka.
Accented high-tone words in Osaka, like atama 'head', are structurally similar to accented words in Tokyo, except that the pitch is uniformly high prior to the pitch drop, rather than rising as in Tokyo. As in Tokyo, the subsequent morae have low pitch. Unaccented high-tone words, such as sakura 'cherry tree', are pronounced with a high tone on every syllable, and in following unaccented particles:
High tone , accent on ta:
High tone , no accent:
Low-tone accented words are pronounced with a low pitch on every mora but the accented one. They are like accented words in Kagoshima, except that again there are many exceptions to the default placement of the accent. For example, tokage is accented on the ka in both Osaka and Kagoshima, but omonaga 'oval face' is accented on mo in Osaka and na in Kagoshima (the default position for both dialects); also, in Osaka the accented is fixed on the mo, whereas in Kagoshima it shifts when particles are added. Unaccented low-tone words such as usagi 'rabbit' have high pitch only in the final mora, just as in Kagoshima:
Low tone , accent on mo:
Low tone , no accent:
Hokuriku dialect in Suzu is similar, but unaccented low-tone words are purely low, without the rise at the end:
: ;
sakura has the same pattern as in Osaka.
In KÃ
Âchi, low-tone words have low pitch only on the first mora, and subsequent morae are high:
: .
The Keihan system is sometimes described as having 2n+1 possibilities, where n is the number of morae (up to a relatively small number), though not all of these actually occur. From the above table, there are three accent patterns for one-mora words, four (out of a theoretical 2n+1 = 5) for two-mora words, and six (out of a theoretical 2n+1 = 7) for three-mora words.
Correspondences between dialects
There are regular correspondences between Tokyo-type and Keihan-type accents. The pitch drop on high-tone words in conservative Keihan accents generally occurs one syllable earlier than in the older Tokyo-type accent. For example, kokoro 'heart' is in Tokyo but in Osaka; kotoba 'word' is in Tokyo but in Osaka; kawa 'river' is in Tokyo but in Osaka. If a word is unaccented and high-tone in Keihan dialects, it is also unaccented in Tokyo-type dialects. If a two-mora word has a low tone in Keihan dialects, it has a pitch drop on the first mora in Tokyo-type dialects.
In Tokyo, all nakadaka verbs have the pitch drop after the second to last mora, except in cases of defective mora. This is the last mora of the verb stem, as in 'be white' and 'get up'. In Kansai, verbs have high- and low-tone paradigms as nouns do. High-tone verbs are either unaccented or are accented on the penultimate mora. Low-tone verbs are either unaccented or accented on the final syllable, triggering a low tone on unaccented suffixes. In Kyoto, verbal tone varies irregularly with inflection, a situation not found in more conservative dialects, even more conservative Kansai-type dialects such as that of KÃ
Âchi in Shikoku.
Syllabic and moraic
Japanese pitch accent also varies in how it interacts with syllables and morae. Kagoshima is a purely syllabic dialect, while Osaka is moraic. For example, the low-tone unaccented noun shinbun 'newspaper' is in Kagoshima, with the high tone spread across the entire final syllable bun, but in Osaka it is , with the high tone restricted to the final mora n. In Tokyo, accent placement is constrained by the syllable, though the pitch drop occurs between the morae of that syllable. That is, a stressed syllable in Tokyo dialect, as in kai 'shell' or san 'divining rod', will always have the pattern , never . In Osaka, however, either pattern may occur: tonbi 'black kite' is in Tokyo but in Osaka.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links