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List of Indian musical instruments

Musical instruments of the Indian subcontinent can be broadly classified according to the Hornbostel–Sachs system into four categories: chordophones (string instruments), aerophones (wind instruments), membranophones (drums) and idiophones (non-drum percussion instruments).

Chordophones

Plucked strings

Bowed strings

Other string instruments

  • Gethu or Jhallari – struck tanpura
  • Gubguba or Jamuku (khamak)
  • Pulluvan kutam
  • Santoor – Hammered dulcimer

Aerophones

Single reed

Double reed

Flute

Bagpipes

Free reed

Free reed and bellows

Brass

Membranophones

Hand drums

Hand frame drums

  • Daf, duf, or dafli – medium or large frame drum without jingles, of Persian origin
  • Dubki, dimdi or dimri – small frame drum without jingles
  • Kanjira – small frame drum with one jingle
  • Kansi – small drum without jingles
  • Patayani thappu – medium frame drum played with hands

Stick and hand drums

Stick drums

  • Chande
  • Davul
  • Kachhi Dhol
  • Nagara – pair of kettledrums
  • Pambai – unit of two cylindrical drums
  • Parai thappu, halgi – frame drum played with two sticks
  • Sambal
  • Stick daff or stick duff – daff in a stand played with sticks
  • Tamak'
  • Tasha – type of kettledrum
  • Thavanadai, Davandai
  • Timki
  • Urumee

Idiophones

Melodic

  • Jal tarang, ceramic bowls with water
  • Kanch tarang, a type of glass harp
  • Loh tarang (लोह तरंग), a set of tuned gongs
  • Kashtha tarang, a type of xylophone

Hand harmonium

Dwarkanath Ghose (Dwarkin) modified the French pedal harmonium.

Electronic

References