The Hmar language () is a Northern Mizo language spoken by the Hmar people of Northeast India. It belongs to the Kuki-Chin branch of this language family. Speakers of Hmar often use Mizo as their second language.
The Hmar language is a member of the Tibeto-Burman language family. It is specifically classified under the Zohnahtlak languages group. The Zohnahtlak languages, including Hmar, are spoken in Mizoram, neighboring areas of Northeast India, and also in adjacent countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar. The language is verb-final.
According to VanBik's (2007) classification of Kuki-Chin languages, Hmar is placed within the 'Central' branch. This branch also includes languages like Mizo and Lai. For context, Kuki-Chin languages are broadly divided by VanBik into Central, Peripheral (Northern and Southern), and Maraic branches. Another grouping, often termed 'Northwestern Kuki-Chin' or historically 'Old Kuki' (including languages like Aimol, Anal, Kom), is also recognized and is characterized by lacking some typical features of the core Kuki-Chin group, such as verb stem alternations.
The broader classification of Tibeto-Burman (often referred to as Sino-Tibetan) is a subject of ongoing scholarly discussion. Some researchers, like Blench and Post (2013), propose the term Trans-Himalayan for the phylum to better reflect the geographical distribution and diversity of these languages, particularly highlighting the numerous languages in Northeast India that may represent independent branches and challenge traditional binary classifications that privilege Sinitic or well-known literary languages like Tibetan and Burmese. These scholars emphasize the complexity arising from extensive language contact and the need to give equal weight to lesser-documented languages in phylogenetic considerations.
Hmar, like many languages in the region, is considered to be in a developing stage and requires further standardization in several linguistic areas.
The 2011 Census of India recorded 98,988 speakers of Hmar as a mother tongue. The significant dispersion of Hmar speakers may contribute to slight dialectal distinctions across different regions.
In Manipur, Hmar exhibits partial mutual intelligibility with the other Kukish dialects of the area including Thadou, Paite, Aimol, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages.
The Hmar language, as it is recognized today, was previously known as the Khawsak dialect. This dialect was accepted by the various Hmar groups as a common language for literary and teaching purposes, although other Hmar languages and dialects continue to be widely spoken.
The Hmar people were first recognized as a distinct tribal community in the North-Eastern States of India. Prior to official recognition, they were often grouped under the term 'Kuki' or 'Old Kuki', a label applied by outsiders to various hill tribes in the region. The Government of India officially recognized the Hmar tribe by including it in the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 (Ministry of Home Affairs Order No. S.R.O. 2477, dated 29 October 1956). This allowed different tribes, including the Hmar, to be known by their specific names rather than generic terms.
The Hmar language was first documented in written form in the early 20th century by George Abraham Grierson in his extensive Linguistic Survey of India.
The Hmar alphabets, known as Hmar Hawrawp, has 25 letters: 6 vowels and 19 consonants. It is a modified version of the Roman script with some diacritic marks to help pronounce the dialect.
The Hmar language uses a Roman script-based alphabet consisting of 25 letters, as detailed in the "Phonology" section. The Khawsak dialect has been adopted as the common standard for literary purposes and language teaching among the various Hmar groups.
Early efforts in Hmar literature were significantly driven by religious purposes and the desire for literacy in the native language.
Since the mid-20th century, a more substantial number of books have been published, contributing to the development of Hmar as a Modern Indian Language (MIL).
Hmar has been recognized as a language for educational purposes and as a Modern Indian Language (MIL) in several states in Northeast India.
Textbooks developed in Manipur, such as "Readers," have also been adopted by some vernacular schools in Cachar, Assam, for upper primary schooling.
New textbooks had to be written for all these levels according to the norms laid down by the respective educational authorities.
In both Mizoram and Meghalaya, the Hmar tribe is recognized as a Scheduled Tribe (Hills). There have been efforts to introduce the teaching of Hmar language at the primary level in these states, though significant progress had not been reported by the time of V.L. Bapui's 2017 article. The earlier statement "Hmar is a recognised language in the School curriculum of Assam, Manipur and Mizoram..." requires nuance based on this source, particularly for Mizoram where introduction at primary level was still an ongoing effort.